bind blz mysql_MySQL™ 参考手册（通用安装指南）

通用安装指南

以下部分包含选择、下载和验证你的发行版所需的信息，本章后面部分中的说明介绍了如何安装所选的发行版。

要安装的MySQL版本和分发版

MySQL可在许多操作系统和平台上使用，有关官方支持的平台的信息，请参阅MySQL网站上的https://www.mysql.com/support...。

准备安装MySQL时，请确定要使用的版本和发行版格式(二进制文件或源代码)。

首先，决定是安装开发版本还是通用可用性(GA)版本，开发版本具有最新功能，但不建议用于生产，GA版本，也称为生产版或稳定版，适用于生产用途，建议使用最新的GA版本。

MySQL 8.0中的命名方案使用包含三个数字和可选后缀的版本名称(例如，mysql-8.0.1-dmr)，版本名称中的数字解释如下：

第一个数字(8)是主要版本号。

第二个数字(0)是次要版本号，总的来说，主要和次要数字构成了发行系列号，系列号描述了稳定的特性集。

第三个数字(1)是发行系列中的版本号，对于每个新的错误修复版本，这都会增加，在大多数情况下，系列中的最新版本是最佳选择。

版本名称还可以包含后缀以指示版本的稳定性级别，通过一组后缀在一系列过程中发行，以指示稳定性级别如何提高，可能的后缀是：

dmr表示开发里程碑版本(DMR)，MySQL开发使用里程碑模型，其中每个里程碑都引入了一小部分经过全面测试的特性。从一个里程碑到下一个里程碑，特性接口可能会发生变化，甚至可能会删除特性，这取决于尝试这些早期版本的社区成员提供的反馈，里程碑版本中的特性可被视为具有预生产质量。

rc表示发布候选(RC)，通过MySQL的所有内部测试后，发布候选版本被认为是稳定的，RC版本中可能仍会引入新特性，但重点转移到修复错误以稳定系列早期介绍的特性。

缺少后缀表示通用可用性(GA)或生产版本，GA版本是稳定的，已成功通过早期版本阶段，并且被认为是可靠的，没有严重的错误，并且适用于生产系统。

系列中的开发始于DMR版本，随后是RC版本，最后达到GA状态版本。

选择要安装的MySQL版本后，确定要为你的操作系统安装哪种发行版格式，对于大多数用例，二进制发行版是正确的选择。对于许多平台，二进制发行版以原生格式提供，例如Linux的RPM包或OS X的DMG包，发行版还提供更通用的格式，如Zip压缩文件或压缩tar文件。在Windows上，你可以使用MySQL安装程序来安装二进制发行版。

在某些情况下，最好从源代码发行版安装MySQL：

你想在某个显式位置安装MySQL，标准二进制发行版已准备好在任何安装位置运行，但你可能需要更灵活地将MySQL组件放置在你想要的位置。

你希望使用可能未包含在标准二进制发行版中的特性来配置mysqld，下面是一些最常见的额外选项，用于确保特性可用性：

-DWITH_LIBWRAP=1用于TCP包装器支持。

-DWITH_ZLIB={system|bundled}用于依赖于压缩的特性。

-DWITH_DEBUG=1用于调试支持

你希望配置mysqld时不使用标准二进制发行版中包含的一些特性。

你想要读取或修改构成MySQL的C和C++代码，为此，获取源代码发行版。

源代码发行包含比二进制发行版更多的测试和示例。

如何获取MySQL

有关MySQL当前版本和下载说明的信息，请访问https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/上的下载页面。有关MySQL下载镜像站点的完整最新列表，请参阅https://dev.mysql.com/downloa...，你还可以在那里找到有关成为MySQL镜像站点以及如何报告错误或过时镜像的信息。

对于使用Yum作为其包管理系统的基于RPM的Linux平台，可以使用MySQL Yum Repository安装MySQL。

对于基于Debian的Linux平台，可以使用MySQL APT Repository安装MySQL。

对于SUSE Linux Enterprise Server(SLES)平台，可以使用MySQL SLES存储库安装MySQL。

使用MD5校验和或GnuPG验证程序包完整性

下载适合你需要的MySQL软件包之后，在尝试安装之前，请确保它完好无损且未被篡改，有三种完整性检查方法：

MD5校验和

使用GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)的加密签名

对于RPM包，内置RPM完整性验证机制

以下部分描述了如何使用这些方法。

如果你注意到MD5校验和或GPG签名不匹配，请首先尝试再次下载相应的程序包，可能是从另一个镜像站点下载。

验证MD5校验和

下载MySQL软件包后，应确保其MD5校验和与MySQL下载页面上提供的校验和匹配，每个包都有一个单独的校验和，你可以根据下载的包进行验证。每个MySQL产品的下载页面上都列出了正确的MD5校验和，你将把它与你下载的文件(产品)的MD5校验和进行比较。

每个操作系统和设置都提供了自己的工具版本，用于检查MD5校验和，通常，该命令名为md5sum，或者可能命名为md5，某些操作系统根本不提供它。在Linux上，它是GNU Text Utilities包的一部分，可用于各种平台，你也可以从http://www.gnu.org/software/t...下载源代码。如果安装了OpenSSL，则可以使用命令openssl md5 package_name。有关md5命令行实用程序的Windows实现，请访问http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/，winMd5Sum是一个图形化的MD5检查工具，可以从http://www.nullriver.com/inde...获得，Microsoft Windows示例将假设名称为md5.exe。

Linux和Microsoft Windows示例：

shell> md5sum mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz

aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz

shell> md5.exe mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi

aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi

你应该验证生成的校验和(十六进制数字的字符串)是否与相应程序包正下方的下载页面上显示的校验和相匹配。

确保验证存档文件的校验和(例如，.zip、.tar.gz或.msi文件)，而不是存档中包含的文件的校验和，换句话说，在提取其内容之前验证该文件。

使用GnuPG进行签名检查

验证包的完整性和真实性的另一种方法是使用加密签名，这比使用MD5校验和更可靠，但需要更多工作。

用GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)签署MySQL可下载的软件包，GnuPG是Phil Zimmermann著名的Pretty Good Privacy(PGP)的开源替代品，大多数Linux发行版默认安装了GnuPG，否则，请参阅http://www.gnupg.org/以获取有关GnuPG以及如何获取和安装它的更多信息。

要验证特定包的签名，首先需要获取公共GPG构建密钥的副本，你可以从http://pgp.mit.edu/下载该密钥，你想要获取的密钥名为mysql-build@oss.oracle.com，或者，你可以直接从以下文本复制并粘贴密钥：

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Version: GnuPG v1

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=ghXk

-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

要将构建密钥导入到你的个人公共GPG钥匙串中，请使用gpg --import，例如，如果已将密钥保存在名为mysql_pubkey.asc的文件中，则import命令如下所示：

shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc

gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering

" imported

gpg: Total number processed: 1

gpg: imported: 1

gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

你还可以使用公钥ID 5072E1F5从公钥服务器下载密钥：

shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5

gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net

gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering "

1 new user ID

gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering "

53 new signatures

gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

gpg: Total number processed: 1

gpg: new user IDs: 1

gpg: new signatures: 53

如果要将密钥导入RPM配置以验证RPM安装包，则应该能够直接导入密钥：

shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

下载并导入公共构建密钥后，下载所需的MySQL软件包和相应的签名，该签名也可从下载页面获得，签名文件与扩展名为.asc的发行版文件具有相同的名称，如下表中的示例所示。

文件类型

文件名

发行版文件

mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz

签名文件

mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中，然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名：

shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

如果下载的包有效，你将看到类似于以下内容的“Good signature”：

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5

gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering "

与网站上列出的签名相比，Good signature消息表明文件签名有效，但你可能也会看到警告，如下所示：

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5

gpg: checking the trustdb

gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering "

gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!

gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.

Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567 70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5

这是正常的，因为它们取决于你的设置和配置，以下是对这些警告的解释：

gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found：这意味着特定密钥不会被你或你的信任网“最终信任”，这对于验证文件签名是可以的。

WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.：这指的是你对自己拥有真正公钥的信任程度，这是个人决定，理想情况下，MySQL开发人员会亲自向你提供密钥，但更常见的是，你下载了密钥。下载是否被篡改？可能不是，但这个决定取决于你，建立信任网是信任它们的一种方法。

有关如何使用公钥的更多信息，请参阅GPG文档。

使用Gpg4win进行签名检查

下载并安装Gpg4win，然后加载Kleopatra，该对话框应类似于：

接下来，添加MySQL Release Engineering证书，通过点击File->Lookup Certificates on Server来执行此操作，在搜索框中输入“Mysql Release Engineering”，然后按Search。

选择“MySQL Release Engineering”证书，指纹和密钥ID必须为“5072E1F5”，或选择Details...以确认证书有效，现在，通过单击Import将其导入，将显示导入对话框，选择Okay，此证书现在将列在Imported Certificates选项卡下。

接下来，配置证书的信任级别，选择证书，然后从主菜单中选择Certificates，Change Owner Trust...，建议选择I believe checks are very accurate，否则你可能无法验证签名，选择I believe checks are very accurate以启用“完全信任”，然后按OK。

接下来，验证下载的MySQL包文件，这需要打包文件和签名的文件，签名文件必须与打包文件具有相同的名称，但附加.asc扩展名，如下表中的示例所示，签名链接到每个MySQL产品的下载页面，你必须使用此签名创建.asc文件。

文件类型

文件名

发行版文件

mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi

签名文件

mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi.asc

确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中，然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名，将签名(.asc)文件拖放到Kleopatra中，或从File，Decrypt/Verify Files...加载对话框，然后选择.msi或.asc文件。

单击Decrypt/Verify以检查文件，两个最常见的结果将如下所示，虽然黄色警告看起来有问题，但以下表示文件检查成功通过，你现在可以运行此安装程序。

看到红色“The signature is bad”错误表示文件无效，如果看到此错误，请不要执行MSI文件。

使用RPM签名检查

对于RPM软件包，没有单独的签名，RPM软件包具有内置GPG签名和MD5校验和，你可以通过运行以下命令来验证包：

shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm

例如：

shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm

MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK

如果你使用的是RPM 4.1并且它抱怨 (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5)，即使你已将MySQL公共构建密钥导入到你自己的GPG钥匙串中，你需要先将密钥导入RPM钥匙串。RPM 4.1不再使用你的个人GPG钥匙串(或GPG本身)，相反，RPM维护一个单独的钥匙串，因为它是一个系统范围的应用程序，而用户的GPG公钥串是一个用户特定的文件。要将MySQL公钥导入RPM密钥串，首先获取密钥，然后使用rpm --import导入密钥，例如：

shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc

shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc

或者，rpm还支持直接从URL加载密钥，你可以使用此手册页：

shell> rpm --import https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/checking-gpg-signature.html

安装布局

安装布局因不同的安装类型(例如，原生程序包、二进制tar包和源代码压缩包)而不同，这可能会在管理不同系统或使用不同安装源时导致混淆，各个布局在相应的安装类型或平台章节中给出，请注意，Oracle以外的供应商的安装布局可能与这些布局不同。

编译器特定的构建特征

在某些情况下，用于构建MySQL的编译器会影响可用的特性，本节中的注释适用于Oracle Corporation提供的二进制发行版或你从源代码编译的。

icc(Intel C++ Compiler)构建

使用icc构建的服务器具有以下特征：

不包括SSL支持。