linux $0命令,linux中shell 特殊变量$0 $n $* $@ $! $?的详解

$0:获取当前执行脚本的文件名，包括路径。

[root@test script]# cat 0.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo $0

[root@test script]# sh 0.sh

0.sh

[root@test script]# cat 0.sh

#!/bin/bash

dirname "$0"

basename "$0"

[root@test script]# sh /byrd/script/0.sh

/byrd/script

0.sh

$n:获取当前执行的shell脚本的第N个参数，n=1..9，当n为0时表示脚本的文件名，如果n大于9，用大括号括起来like${10}.

[root@test script]# cat n.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo $1 $2 ${10}

[root@test script]# sh n.sh a b c d e f g h i j k l m n

a b j

[root@LAMP script]# sh n.sh {a..z}

a b j

[root@test script]# sh n.sh `seq 11`

1 2 10

$*:获取当前shell的所有参数，将所有的命令行参数视为单个字符串。

$@:这个程序的所有参数"$1" "$2" "$3" "...",这是将参数传递给其他程序的最佳方式，因此TA会保留所有内嵌在每个参数里的任何空白。

$#:获取当前shell命令行中参数的总个数。

[root@test script]# cat hashtag.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo "$#"

[root@test script]# sh hashtag.sh

0

[root@test script]# sh hashtag.sh 1 2 3

3

[root@test script]# sh hashtag.sh `seq 300`

300

[root@test script]# cat example.sh

#!/bin/bash

#Example

if [ $# -ne 2 ];then

echo "Error, please enter two parameters."

exit 1

else

echo "You did a good job."

fi

[root@test script]# sh example.sh a

Error, please enter two parameters.

[root@test script]# sh example.sh a b

You did a good job.

[root@test script]# sh example.sh a b c

Error, please enter two parameters.

$_:代表上一个命令的最后一个参数

$$:代表所在命令的PID

[root@LAMP script]# cat dollar.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo "$$" >/tmp/dollar.pid

while true

do

sleep 1

done

[root@LAMP script]# sh dollar.sh

################################################

[root@LAMP ~]# cat /tmp/dollar.pid

1483

[root@LAMP ~]# ps -ef |grep 1483

root      1483  1453  0 14:58 pts/1    00:00:00 sh dollar.sh

root      1532  1483  0 14:58 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep 1

root      1534  1496  0 14:58 pts/0    00:00:00 grep 1483

[root@LAMP ~]# ps -ef |grep dollar

root      1483  1453  0 14:58 pts/1    00:00:00 sh dollar.sh

root      1555  1496  0 14:58 pts/0    00:00:00 grep dollar

$!:代表最后执行的后台命令的PID

$?:代表上一个命令执行是否成功的标志，如果执行成功则$? 为0，否则不为0

[byrd@LAMP script]$ pwd

/byrd/script

[byrd@LAMP script]$ echo $?

0    #运行成功

[byrd@LAMP script]$ ls /root

ls: cannot open directory /root: Permission denied

[byrd@LAMP script]$ echo $?

2    #权限拒绝

[byrd@LAMP script]$ hahaha

-bash: hahaha: command not found

[byrd@LAMP script]$ echo $?

127    #未找到该命令

###########################################

[byrd@LAMP ~]$ cat /byrd/script/question_mark.sh

#!/bin/bash

#Example

ls -al /root >/dev/null 2>&1

if [ $? -eq 0 ];then

echo "User is root"

else

echo "The user is not root"

fi

[root@LAMP script]# sh question_mark.sh

User is root

[root@LAMP script]# su - byrd

[byrd@LAMP ~]$ sh /byrd/script/question_mark.sh

The user is not root