I ran into this error when attempting to install 12c 32x client on Windows 10. "net use \\localhost\c$" worked, but when I substituted "localhost" the computer's "name" (e.g., \\my-computer\c$), I got the "System error 53 ...". Oracle seems to prefer the computer's name.
What fixed it: we temporarily disabled the IPv6 protocol for the computer (our network uses IPv4). How to do this: Control Panel --> Network and Sharing Center --> Change adapter settings --> right click on Ethernet Connection --> Properties --> uncheck "Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) --> OK. That should disable it. After that, \\my-computer\c$ ran successfully in the command prompt. Then the Oracle installer finally completed and we were able to tnsping the database server.
Just to test it out, we re-enabled IPv6 and restarted the computer. \\my-computer\c$ failed in the cmd prompt, but tnsping still functioned correctly.
I hope this helps somebody in the future.