计算机科学的重点,计算机科学导论重点汇总.doc

计算机科学导论重点汇总

计算机科学导论重点汇总

Chapter 0 Introduction

(绪论)

Terminology (术语) (P2)

? Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed (算法是定义如何完成一个任务

的若干步骤的集合)

? Program:A representation of an algorithm (程序是对算法的表示)

? Programming:The process of developing a program (程序设计是指开发程序的过程) ?

Software: Programs and algorithms. (软件是指程序及其算法)

? Hardware: Equipment (硬件即机器设备)

Chapter 1 Data Storage

(数据存储)

Boolean Operations (布尔运算)

? Boolean Operation: An operation that manipulates one or more true/false values (P20) (布尔运

算：处理一个或多个真/假值的运算)

Gates (门) (P21)

? Gate: A device that computes a Boolean operation (门是一种进行布尔运算的设备)

Flip-flops (触发器) (P22)

? Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can store one bit. (触发器是由门所构造的可存储1个

位的电路)

– Has an input line which sets its stored value to 1 (它有一条将其存储值置为1的输入线)

– Has an input line which sets its stored value to 0 (它有一条将其存储值置为0的输入线)

– While both input lines are 0, the most recently stored value is preserved (当两条输入线同是0

时，最近存储的值保持)

Hexadecimal Notation (十六进制)

? Hexadecimal notation: A shorthand notation for long bit patterns (十六进制：长的位模式的简短

表示)

– Divides a pattern into groups of four bits each (将位模式按4位一组进行划分)

– Represents each group by a single symbol (将每组表示为一个符号)

? Example:becomes A

Main Memory Addresses (内存地址)

? Address: A “name” that uniquely identifies one cell in the computer’s main memory (地址：唯一

确定计算机内存单元的“名字”)

– The names are actually numbers. (名字实际上是编号)

– These numbers are assigned consecutively starting at zero. (这些编号是从0开始连续指派

的)

– Numbering the cells in this manner associates an order with the memory cells. (以对应于存

储单元的顺序依次编号)

Files

? File: A unit of data stored in mass storage system (文件是存储在海量存储器中的数据单元)

– Fields and keyfields

? Physical record versus Logical record

? Buffer: A memory area used for the temporary storage of data (usually as a step in transferring

the data) (缓冲区是用做数据临时存放的内存区域，常作为传送数据的一个步骤)

Storing Fractions (存储小数)

? Floating-point Notation: Consists of a sign bit, a mantissa field, and an expon