I. 同步机制
线程间的同步机制主要包括三个：
互斥锁：
以排他的方式，防止共享资源被并发访问；
互斥锁为二元变量， 状态为0-开锁、1-上锁;
开锁必须由上锁的线程执行，不受其它线程干扰.
条件变量：
满足某个特定条件时，可通过条件变量通知其它线程do-something;
必须与互斥锁*联合使用，单独无法执行.
读写锁：
针对多读者，少写者的情况设定
> * 允许**多读**，但此时**不可写**；
>
> * **唯一写**，此时**不可读**.
函数的头文件为：
#include
1. 互斥锁
操作流程：
I. 创建互斥锁
II. 申请锁：若可用，立刻占用；否则，阻塞等待
III. do-something
IV. 释放锁
V. 销毁锁
以下是互斥锁的基本操作函数：
功能
函数
参数
返回值
说明
初始化锁
int pthread_mutex_init(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr) | 1. mutex: 欲建立的互斥锁
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
| 阻塞申请锁 | int pthread_mutex_lock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex) | mutex:互斥锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
阻塞等待 |
| 非阻塞申请 | int pthread_mutex_trylock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex) | mutex:互斥锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
返回错误 |
| 释放锁 | int pthread_mutex_unlock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex) | mutex:互斥锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
| 销毁锁 | int pthread_mutex_destroy(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex) | mutex:互斥锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
2. 条件变量
注意，条件变量必须与互斥锁共同使用；
以下是条件变量的基本操作函数：
功能
函数
参数
返回值
说明
初始化锁
int pthread_cond_init(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
const pthread_condattr_t *attr) | 1. cond: 欲建立的条件变量
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
| 等待条件变量 | int pthread_cond_wait(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
pthread_mutex_t *mutex) | 1.cond:条件变量
2.mutex:互斥锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 阻塞等待
隐含释放申请到的互斥锁 |
| 限时等待条件变量 | int pthread_cond_timewait(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
const struct timespec *time) | 3.time:等待过期的绝对时间
从1970-1-1:0:0:0起 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | struct timespec{long ts_sec;
long ts_nsec} |
| 单一通知 | int pthread_cond_signal(
pthread_cond_t *cond) | cond:条件变量 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 唤醒等待cond的第一个线程
隐含获取需要的互斥锁 |
| 广播通知 | int pthread_cond_broadcast(
pthread_cond_t *cond) | cond:条件变量 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 唤醒所有等待cond的线程
隐含获取需要的互斥锁 |
| 销毁条件变量 | int pthread_cond_destroy(
pthread_cond_t *cond) | cond:条件变量 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
3. 读写锁
读写基本原则：
若当前线程读数据，则允许其他线程读数据，但不允许写
若当前线程写数据，则不允许其他线程读、写数据
以下是基本的操作：
功能
函数
参数
返回值
说明
初始化锁
int pthread_rwlock_init(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock,
const pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr) | 1. rwlock: 欲建立的读写锁
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
| 阻塞申请读锁 | int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
阻塞等待 |
| 非阻塞申请 | int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
返回错误 |
| 阻塞申请写锁 | int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
阻塞等待 |
| 非阻塞申请写锁 | int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若未申请到，
返回错误 |
| 释放锁 | int pthread_mutex_unlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
| 销毁锁 | int pthread_rwlock_destroy(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock) | rwlock:读写锁 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | |
4. 线程信号量
线程信号量类似进程的信号量，主要是使得多个线程访问共享资源时，顺序互斥访问。
与互斥锁的区别在于：
互斥锁：只有一个bool类型的值，只允许2个线程进行排队；
信号量：允许多个线程共同等待一个共享资源
函数如下：
#include
功能
函数
参数
返回值
说明
创建信号量
int sem_init(sem_t *sem,
int pshared, unsigned int value)
1. sem:信号量地址;
2. pshared:是(!=0)否(0)为共享信号量
3. value:信号量初值 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
| P操作(阻塞) | int sem_wait(sem_t *sem) | sem:信号量地址 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
| P操作(非阻塞) | int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem) | sem:信号量地址 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
| P操作(时间) | int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem,
const struct timespec *abs_timeout) | 1. sem:信号量地址
2. abs_timeout:超时时间 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | struct timespec 见下面 |
| V操作 | int sem_post(sem_t *sem) | sem:信号量地址 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
| 获取信号量值 | int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval) | 1. sem:信号量地址
2. sval: 将信号量值放到该地址 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
| 删除信号量 | int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem) | sem:信号量地址 | 0: 成功
-1: 失败 | |
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds [0 .. 999999999] */
};
II. 异步机制 - 信号
线程的异步机制只有信号，类似于线程的信号。
线程信号具备以下特点
任何线程都可以向其它线程(同一进程下)发送信号；
每个线程都具备自己独立的信号屏蔽集，不影响其它线程；
线程创建时，不继承原线程的信号屏蔽集；
同进程下，所有线程共享对某信号的处理方式，即一个设置，所有有效；
多个线程的程序，向某一个线程发送终止信号，则整个进程终止
信号的基本操作如下：
功能
函数
参数
返回值
说明
安装信号
sighandler_t signal(
int signum,
sighandler_t handler) | 1.signum:信号值
2.handler:信号操作 | | 详情参见：
http://www.cnblogs.com/Jimmy1988/p/7575103.html |
| 发送信号 | int pthread_kill(
pthread_t threadid,
int signo | 1.threadid: 目标线程id
2.signo:信号值 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | 若signo=0,
检测该线程是否存在，
不发送信号 |
| 设置屏蔽集 | pthread_sigmask(int how,
const sigset_t *set,
sigset_t *oldset) | 1.how:如何更改信号掩码
2.newmask:新的信号屏蔽集
3.原信号屏蔽集 | 成功：0
失败：非零值 | how值：
1.SIG_BLOCK:添加新掩码
2.SIG_UNBLOCK:删除新掩码
3.SIG_SETMASK:设置新掩码完全替换旧值 |
III、示例代码
1.同步机制：
1). 互斥锁：
两个线程：
读线程：从stdin中读取数据，并存储
写线程：从存储buffer中读取数据并显示
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define SIZE 128
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
int EXIT = 0;
char word[SIZE];
void * child(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
while(strlen(word) == 0)
usleep(100);
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("The input words: %s\n", word);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
if(strcmp("end\n", word) == 0)
{
printf("The process end\n");
EXIT = 1;
break;
}
memset(word, '\0', SIZE);
}
return ;
}
int main()
{
//1\. create the lock
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
//2.create a new thread
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, (void *)*child, NULL);
//3\. Input words
while(EXIT == 0)
{
if(strlen(word)!=0)
usleep(100);
//add the lock
else
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("Input words: ");
fgets(word, SIZE, stdin);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
printf("The child has joined\n");
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
2). 条件变量：
生产者和消费者问题：
生产者:
向仓库生产数据(大小可任意设定)，当满时，阻塞等待仓库有空闲(由消费者消费完后通知)
消费者：
从仓库读数据，若仓库为空，则阻塞等待，当生产者再次生产产品后通知
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define SIZE 2
int Data[SIZE];
typedef struct
{
pthread_mutex_t lock;
pthread_cond_t notFull;
pthread_cond_t notEmpty;
int read_point;
int write_point;
}sCOND;
sCOND *pCondLock;
void init(void)
{
//memset(pCondLock, 0, sizeof(sCOND));
//1.Create a mutex lock
pthread_mutex_init(&pCondLock->lock, NULL);
//2.Create two condition variable
pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notFull, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notEmpty, NULL);
//set the read and write point 0
pCondLock->read_point = 0;
pCondLock->write_point = 0;
}
int put(int data)
{
//obtain the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
//check the global variable Data full or not
while((pCondLock->write_point+1)%SIZE == pCondLock->read_point)
{
printf("The buf is full, waitting for not_full signal\n");
pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notFull, &pCondLock->lock);
}
//write the data to buffer
Data[pCondLock->write_point] = data;
pCondLock->write_point++;
if(pCondLock->write_point == SIZE)
pCondLock->write_point = 0;
//unlock the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
//wake up the not_empty signal
pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notEmpty);
return 0;
}
int get(int *data)
{
//obtain the mutex lock
pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
//check the global variable Data empty or not
while(pCondLock->write_point == pCondLock->read_point)
{
printf("The buf is empty, waitting for not_empty signal\n");
pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notEmpty, &pCondLock->lock);
}
//read the data from buffer
*data = Data[pCondLock->read_point];
pCondLock->read_point++;
if(pCondLock->read_point == SIZE)
pCondLock->read_point = 0;
//wake up the not_empty signal
pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notFull);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
return *data;
}
void *produce(void)
{
int times=0;
//1\. first 5 times, every second write a data to buffer
for(times=0; times < 5; times++)
{
sleep(1);
put(times+1);
printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1);
}
//2\. last 5 times, every 3 seconds write a data to buffer
for(times = 5; times < 10; times++)
{
sleep(3);
put(times+1);
printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1);
}
}
void *consume(void)
{
int times=0;
int data=0;
//10 times, every 2 seconds read the buffer
for(times = 0; times < 10; times++)
{
sleep(2);
data = get(&data);
printf("The data is %d\n", data);
}
}
int main()
{
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
pCondLock = malloc(sizeof(sCOND));
memset(pCondLock, '\0', sizeof(sCOND));
//1.init the struct of sCondLock
init();
//2\. start two threads
pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void*)*produce, NULL);
pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void*)*consume, NULL);
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
free(pCondLock);
return 0;
}
3). 读写锁：
四个线程：两读两写；
多进程可同时读，但此时不可写；
只有一个线程可写，其它线程等待该线程写完后执行响应的读/写操作
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define BUF_SIZE 128
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;
int time_to_exit = 0;
void *read_first(void *arg);
void *read_second(void *arg);
void *write_first(void *arg);
void *write_second(void *arg);
int main()
{
pthread_t tid_rd1, tid_rd2;
pthread_t tid_wr1, tid_wr2;
//1.create a read-write-lock
int ret = pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_rwlock_init");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//2\. Create the read and write threads
ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd1, NULL, (void *)*read_first, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd2, NULL, (void *)*read_second, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr1, NULL, (void *)*write_first, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr2, NULL, (void *)*write_second, NULL);
if(ret != 0)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//3\. wait for the threads finish
pthread_join(tid_rd1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_rd2, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_wr1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_wr2, NULL);
//4\. delete the read-write-lock
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock);
return 0;
}
/***************************************************/
// Write threads
void *write_first(void *arg)
{
while(!time_to_exit)
{
sleep(5);
//1\. get the read-lock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread write_first!\n");
printf("Pls input the string: ");
fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
printf("Exit the write_first!\n");
pthread_exit(0);
}
void *write_second(void *arg)
{
while(!time_to_exit)
{
sleep(10);
//1\. get the read-lock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread write_second!\n");
printf("Pls input the string: ");
fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
printf("Exit the write_second!\n");
pthread_exit(0);
}
//-----2\. read the threads
void *read_first(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
sleep(5);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread read_first\n");
//if write an string of "end"
if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
{
printf("Exit the read_first!\n");
break;
}
//if nothing in the BUFFER
while(strlen(buf) == 0)
{
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
sleep(2);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
}
//output the string in BUFFER
printf("The string is: %s\n", buf);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
//make the exit true
time_to_exit = 1;
pthread_exit(0);
}
void *read_second(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
sleep(4);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
printf("\nThis is thread read_second\n");
//if write an string of "end"
if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
{
printf("Exit the read_second!\n");
break;
}
//if nothing in the BUFFER
while(strlen(buf) == 0)
{
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
sleep(2);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
}
//output the string in BUFFER
printf("The string is: %s\n", buf);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
//make the exit true
time_to_exit = 1;
pthread_exit(0);
}
2. 异步机制 - 信号：
本程序包括两个线程：
线程1安装SIGUSR1,阻塞除SIGUSR2外的所有信号；
线程2安装SIGUSR2,不阻塞任何信号
操作流程：
1- 线程1、2安装信号；
2- 主线程发送SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2至线程1和线程2；
3- 线程1接收到除SIGUSR2之外的信号，阻塞不执行；当收到SIGUSR2后，执行对应操作；
4- 线程2接收到SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2后，分别执行对应操作
5- 主线程发送SIGKILL信号，结束整个进程
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
void *th_first(void *arg);
void *th_second(void *arg);
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
void handler(int signo)
{
printf("In handler: tid_%s, signo=%d\n", ((pthread_self() == tid1)?"first":"second"), signo);
}
int main()
{
int ret = 0;
//1. create first thread
ret = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void *)*th_first, NULL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//2. create second thread
ret = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void *)*th_second, NULL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_create");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sleep(2);
//3. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_first
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR1);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR2);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//4. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_second_
sleep(1);
ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR1);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR2);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sleep(1);
//5. send SIGKILL to all threads
ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGKILL);
if(0 !=ret)
{
perror("pthread_kill");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
return 0;
}
void *th_first(void *arg)
{
//1. Add SIGUSR1 signal
signal(SIGUSR1, handler);
//2. Set the sinagl set
sigset_t set;
sigfillset(&set); //init set to be full, include all signal
sigdelset(&set, SIGUSR2); //delete the SIGUSR2 from the set variable
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &set, NULL); //set the current mask set to be defined set variable
//3. Circular wait the signal
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("\nThis is th_first, tid=%#x\n ", pthread_self());
pause();
}
}
void *th_second(void *arg)
{
usleep(100);
//1. Add the signal of SIGUSR2
signal(SIGUSR2, handler);
//2. Circular wait the signal
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("\nThis is th_second, tid=%#x\n", pthread_self());
pause();
}
}
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