有各种不同的运算符shell都支持。本教程是基于默认shell(Bourne),所以我们要涵盖所有重要的Bourne Shell运算符。
有以下的运算符,我们将要讨论的:
算术运算符。
关系运算符。
布尔运算符。
字符串运算符。
文件测试操作。
Bourne shell的最初并没有任何机制来执行简单的算术,但它使用外部程序,无论是awk或必须简单的程序expr。
下面是简单的例子,把两个数相加:
#!/bin/shval=`expr 2 + 2`echo"Total value : $val"
这将产生以下结果:
Totalvalue:4
记下有以下几点:
运算符和表达式之间必须有空格,例如2+2是不正确的,因为它应该写成2 + 2。
``,称为倒逗号之间应包含完整的表达。
算术运算符:
算术运算符有以下Bourne Shell支持。
假设变量a=10,变量b=20:
运算符
描述
例子
+
Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator
`expr $a + $b` will give 30
-
Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand
`expr $a - $b` will give -10
*
Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator
`expr $a * $b` will give 200
/
Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand
`expr $b / $a` will give 2
%
Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder
`expr $b % $a` will give 0
=
Assignment - Assign right operand in left operand
a=$b would assign value of b into a
==
Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are same then returns true.
[ $a == $b ] would return false.
!=
Not Equality - Compares two numbers, if both are different then returns true.
[ $a != $b ] would return true.
这是非常重要的,这里要注意,所有的条件式将放在方括号内,他们身边有一个空格,例如 [ $a == $b ]是正确的,为[$a==$b] 是不正确的。
所有的算术计算,使用长整数。
关系运算符:
Bourne Shell的支持,关系运算符的具体数值。这些运算符不能使用字符串值,除非它们的值是数字。
例如,运算符将努力检查10和20之间的关系,以及在“10”和“20”,但不是“10”和“21”之间。
假设变量a=10,变量b=20:
运算符
描述
示例
-eq
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a -eq $b ] is not true.
-ne
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
[ $a -ne $b ] is true.
-gt
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a -gt $b ] is not true.
-lt
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a -lt $b ] is true.
-ge
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a -ge $b ] is not true.
-le
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a -le $b ] is true.
这里要注意,所有的条件式将放在方括号内,他们周围有一个空格,这是非常重要的,例如 [ $a <= $b ]是正确的, [$a <= $b]是不正确的。
布尔运算:
布尔运算符有以下Bourne Shell的支持。
假设变量一个变量b=10,然后变量b=20:
运算符
描述
示例
!
This is logical negation. This inverts a true condition into false and vice versa.
[ ! false ] is true.
-o
This is logical OR. If one of the operands is true then condition would be true.
[ $a -lt 20 -o $b -gt 100 ] is true.
-a
This is logical AND. If both the operands are true then condition would be true otherwise it would be false.
[ $a -lt 20 -a $b -gt 100 ] is false.
字符串运算符:
有下列字符串运算由Bourne Shell支持。
假设变量a=“abc”和变量b=“efg”:
运算符
描述
例子
=
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
[ $a = $b ] is not true.
!=
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
[ $a != $b ] is true.
-z
Checks if the given string operand size is zero. If it is zero length then it returns true.
[ -z $a ] is not true.
-n
Checks if the given string operand size is non-zero. If it is non-zero length then it returns true.
[ -z $a ] is not false.
str
Check if str is not the empty string. If it is empty then it returns false.
[ $a ] is not false.
文件测试操作:
有以下是操作测试Unix文件相关联的各种属性。
假设一个的变量文件保存现有文件名“test”,其大小为100字节,有读,写和执行权限:
操作符
描述
示例
-b file
Checks if file is a block special file if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -b $file ] is false.
-c file
Checks if file is a character special file if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -b $file ] is false.
-d file
Check if file is a directory if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -d $file ] is not true.
-f file
Check if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -f $file ] is true.
-g file
Checks if file has its set group ID (SGID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -g $file ] is false.
-k file
Checks if file has its sticky bit set if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -k $file ] is false.
-p file
Checks if file is a named pipe if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -p $file ] is false.
-t file
Checks if file descriptor is open and associated with a terminal if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -t $file ] is false.
-u file
Checks if file has its set user id (SUID) bit set if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -u $file ] is false.
-r file
Checks if file is readable if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -r $file ] is true.
-w file
Check if file is writable if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -w $file ] is true.
-x file
Check if file is execute if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -x $file ] is true.
-s file
Check if file has size greater than 0 if yes then condition becomes true.
[ -s $file ] is true.
-e file
Check if file exists. Is true even if file is a directory but exists.
[ -e $file ] is true.
C Shell 操作符:
以下链接将在C Shell运算符给出简单的用法。
Korn Shell 运算符:
以下链接将在Korn Shell运算符给出简单的用法
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