实验六继承定义与使用
实验时间 2018-9-28
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 理解继承的定义;
(2) 掌握子类的定义要求
(3) 掌握多态性的概念及用法;
(4) 掌握抽象类的定义及用途;
(5) 掌握类中4个成员访问权限修饰符的用途;
(6) 掌握抽象类的定义方法及用途;
(7)掌握Object类的用途及常用API;
(8) 掌握ArrayList类的定义方法及用法;
(9) 掌握枚举类定义方法及用途。
- abstract类总结:
-
在使用抽象类时需要注意几点:
1、抽象类不能被实例化,实例化的工作应该交由它的子类来完成,它只需要有一个引用即可。
2、抽象方法必须由子类来进行重写。
3、只要包含一个抽象方法的抽象类,该方法必须要定义成抽象类,不管是否还包含有其他方法。
4、抽象类中可以包含具体的方法,当然也可以不包含抽象方法。
5、子类中的抽象方法不能与父类的抽象方法同名。
6、abstract不能与final并列修饰同一个类。
7、abstract 不能与private、static、final或native并列修饰同一个方法 -
抽象类自身不能创建对象,但是它的子类可以创建对象。抽象它的关键字是abstract在父类中定义的抽象方法,在子类中必须实现(即方法重写)抽象方法没有方法体。抽象方法必须定义在抽象类中。
-
.继承中的this和super:
构造器中的this表示当前正在初始化的对象引用,方法中的this表示当前正在调用此方法的对象引用。this具体用法表现在一下几个方面:
1.当具多个重载的构造器时,且一个构造器需要调用另外一个构造其,在其第一行使用this( )形式调用,且只能在第一行;
2.当对象中一个方法需要调用本对象中其他方法时,使用this作为主调,也可以不写,实际上默认就是this作为主调;
3.当对象属性和方法中的局部变量名称相同时,在该方法中需要显式的使用this作为主调,以表示对象的属性,若不存在此问题,可以不显式的写this。
其实,其牵涉到的一个问题就是变量的查找规则:先局部变量 => 当前类中定义的变量 => 其父类中定义的可以被子类继承的变量 => 父类...
super表示调用父类中相应的属性和方法。在方法中,若需要调用父类的方法时,也一定要写在第一行
-
构造器
-
子类是不能够继承父类的构造器,但是要注意的是,如果父类的构造器都是带有参数的,则必须在子类的构造器中显示地通过super关键字调用父类的构造器并配以适当的参数列表。如果父类有无参构造器,则在子类的构造器中用super关键字调用父类构造器不是必须的,如果没有使用super关键字,系统会自动调用父类的无参构造器。
- 重载方法
- 不能以返回值区分重载方法,而只能以“参数类型”和“类名”来区分
- 重写
- 父类与子类之间的多态性,对父类的函数进行重新定义。如果在子类中定义某方法与其父类有相同的名称和参数,我们说该方法被重写 (Overriding)。在Java中,子类可继承父类中的方法,而不需要重新编写相同的方法。
- 但有时子类并不想原封不动地继承父类的方法,而是想作一定的修改,这就需要采用方法的重写。
- 方法重写又称方法覆盖。
-
(1)若子类中的方法与父类中的某一方法具有相同的方法名、返回类型和参数表,则新方法将覆盖原有的方法。
如需父类中原有的方法,可使用super关键字,该关键字引用了当前类的父类
(2)子类函数的访问修饰权限不能少于父类的;
总之 :多态性是面向对象编程的一种特性,和方法无关,
简单说,就是同样的一个方法能够根据输入数据的不同,做出不同的处理,即方法的
重载——有不同的参数列表(静态多态性)而当子类继承自父类的相同方法,输入数据一样,但要做出有别于父类的响应时,你就要覆盖父类方法,
即在子类中重写该方法——相同参数,不同实现(动态多态性)
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1: 导入第5章示例程序,测试并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
在elipse IDE中编辑、调试、运行程序5-1 (教材152页-153页) ;
掌握子类的定义及用法;
结合程序运行结果,理解并总结OO风格程序构造特点,理解Employee和Manager类的关系子类的用途,并在代码中添加注释。
package inheritance; import java.time.*; public class Employee { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)//父类的构造方法 { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } }
package inheritance;
public class Manager extends Employee//通过关键字extends继承一个已有的类
{
private double bonus;
/**
* @param name the employee's name
* @param salary the salary
* @param year the hire year
* @param month the hire month
* @param day the hire day
*/
public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
{
super(name, salary, year, month, day);//super提供对父类的访问。
bonus = 0;
}
public double getSalary()//重写父类中定义的getSalary()
{
double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
return baseSalary + bonus;
}
public void setBonus(double b)
{
bonus = b;
}
}
package inheritance;
/**
* This program demonstrates inheritance.
* @version 1.21 2004-02-21
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class ManagerTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// construct a Manager object
Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
boss.setBonus(5000);//更改Bonus值
Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];
// 用父类创建三个对象填充数组
staff[0] = boss;
staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
staff[2] = new Employee("Tommy Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);
// print out information about all Employee objects
for (Employee e : staff)
System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
}
}
测试程序2:
编辑、编译、调试运行教材PersonTest程序(教材163页-165页);
掌握超类的定义及其使用要求;
掌握利用超类扩展子类的要求;
在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
package abstractClasses; import java.time.*; public class Employee extends Person { private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name); this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public String getDescription() { return String.format("an employee with a salary of $%.2f", salary); } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; }
package abstractClasses;
public abstract class Person
{
public abstract String getDescription();
private String name;
public Person(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
}
package abstractClasses;
/**
* This program demonstrates abstract classes.
* @version 1.01 2004-02-21
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class PersonTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Person[] people = new Person[2];
// fill the people array with Student and Employee objects
people[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
people[1] = new Student("Maria Morris", "computer science");
// print out names and descriptions of all Person objects
for (Person p : people)
System.out.println(p.getName() + ", " + p.getDescription());
}
}
package abstractClasses; public class Student extends Person { private String major; /** * @param nama the student's name * @param major the student's major */ public Student(String name, String major) { // pass n to superclass constructor super(name); this.major = major; } public String getDescription() { return "a student majoring in " + major; } }
测试程序3:
编辑、编译、调试运行教材程序5-8、5-9、5-10,结合程序运行结果理解程序(教材174页-177页);
掌握Object类的定义及用法;
在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
package equals;
import java.time.*;
import java.util.Objects;
public class Employee
{
private String name;
private double salary;
private LocalDate hireDay;
public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
{
this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;
hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public LocalDate getHireDay()
{
return hireDay;
}
public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
{
double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
salary += raise;
}
public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
{
// a quick test to see if the objects are identical
if (this == otherObject) return true;
// must return false if the explicit parameter is null
if (otherObject == null) return false;
// if the classes don't match, they can't be equal
if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false;
// now we know otherObject is a non-null Employee
Employee other = (Employee) otherObject;
// test whether the fields have identical values
return Objects.equals(name, other.name) && salary == other.salary && Objects.equals(hireDay, other.hireDay);
}
public int hashCode()
{
return Objects.hash(name, salary, hireDay);
}
public String toString()
{
return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay
+ "]";
}
}
package equals;
/**
* This program demonstrates the equals method.
* @version 1.12 2012-01-26
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class EqualsTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
Employee alice2 = alice1;
Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2));
System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3));
System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3));
System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob));
System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob);
Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
boss.setBonus(5000);//用boss对象更改父类的Bonus初始值
System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss);
System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss));
System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode());
System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode());
System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode());
System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode());
}
}
package equals;
public class Manager extends Employee
{
private double bonus;
public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
{
super(name, salary, year, month, day);
bonus = 0;
}
public double getSalary()
{
double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
return baseSalary + bonus;
}
public void setBonus(double bonus)
{
this.bonus = bonus;
}
public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
{
if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false;
Manager other = (Manager) otherObject;
// super.equals checked that this and other belong to the same class
return bonus == other.bonus;
}
public int hashCode()
{
return java.util.Objects.hash(super.hashCode(), bonus);
}
public String toString()
{
return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]";
}
}
测试程序4:
在elipse IDE中调试运行程序5-11(教材182页),结合程序运行结果理解程序;
掌握ArrayList类的定义及用法;
在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
package arrayList;
import java.util.*;
/**
* This program demonstrates the ArrayList class.
* @version 1.11 2012-01-26
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class ArrayListTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// 用 three Employee objects填充动态数组
ArrayList<Employee> staff = new ArrayList<>();
staff.add(new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 15));
staff.add(new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1));
staff.add(new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15));
// raise everyone's salary by 5%
for (Employee e : staff)
e.raiseSalary(5);//用e引用每个对象的5个属性
// print out information about all Employee objects
for (Employee e : staff)
System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary() + ",hireDay="
+ e.getHireDay());
}
}
测试程序5:
编辑、编译、调试运行程序5-12(教材189页),结合运行结果理解程序;
掌握枚举类的定义及用法;
在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
package enums;
import java.util.*;
/**
* This program demonstrates enumerated types.
* @version 1.0 2004-05-24
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class EnumTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ");
String input = in.next().toUpperCase();
Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);
System.out.println("size=" + size);
System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation());
if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)
System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _.");
}
}
enum Size
{
SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");
private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }
private String abbreviation;
}
实验2:编程练习1
定义抽象类Shape:
属性:不可变常量double PI,值为3.14;
方法:public double getPerimeter();public double getArea())。
让Rectangle与Circle继承自Shape类。
编写double sumAllArea方法输出形状数组中的面积和和double sumAllPerimeter方法输出形状数组中的周长和。
main方法中
1)输入整型值n,然后建立n个不同的形状。如果输入rect,则再输入长和宽。如果输入cir,则再输入半径。
2) 然后输出所有的形状的周长之和,面积之和。并将所有的形状信息以样例的格式输出。
3) 最后输出每个形状的类型与父类型,使用类似shape.getClass()(获得类型),shape.getClass().getSuperclass()(获得父类型);
思考sumAllArea和sumAllPerimeter方法放在哪个类中更合适?
输入样例:
3
rect
1 1
rect
2 2
cir
1
输出样例:
18.28
8.14
[Rectangle [width=1, length=1], Rectangle [width=2, length=2], Circle [radius=1]]
class Rectangle,class Shape
class Rectangle,class Shape
class Circle,class Shape
package shape;
import java.math.*;
import shape.Circle;
import shape.Rectangle;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class shape {//因为抽象类不能构造方法
double PI =3.14;
double getPerimeter() {
return 0;
} //求解周长的方法
double getArea() {
return 0;
} //与求周长相同此时不能定义成public
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = in.nextInt();
System.out.println(" ");
String rect="rect";
String cir="cir";
shape[] A= new shape[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
String s=in.next();
if(s.equals(rect)) {
int length = in.nextInt();
int width = in.nextInt();
A[i]=new Rectangle(width,length);
}
if (s.equals(cir)) {
int radius = in.nextInt();
A[i]=new Circle(radius);
}
}
shape c=new shape();
System.out.println( c.sumAllPerimeter(A));
System.out.println(c.sumAllArea(A));
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.println(A[i]);
}
for(shape s:A) {
System.out.println(s.getClass()+","+s.getClass().getSuperclass());
}
}
public double sumAllArea(shape B[])
{
double sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<B.length;i++)
sum+= B[i].getArea();
return sum;
}
public double sumAllPerimeter(shape B[])
{
double sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<B.length;i++)
sum+= B[i].getPerimeter();
return sum;
}
}
package shape;
public class Circle extends shape{
private int radius;
public Circle(int r) {
this.radius= r;
}
//继承父类
double getPerimeter(){ //调用父类求周长的方法
return 2*PI*radius;
}
double getArea(){
return PI*radius*radius; //调用父类求面积的方法
}
public String toString()
{
return getClass().getName() + "[radius=" + radius + "]";
}
}
package shape;
public class Rectangle extends shape{
private int length;
private int width;
public Rectangle(int length, int width) {//这地方的参数只是形参可以不和父类的实参相同
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}
//继承父类
public double getPerimeter() {//此时不能用abstract
return 2*(length+width);
}
double getArea(){
return length*width; //调用父类求面积的方法
}
public String toString()
{
return getClass().getName() + "[ width=" + width + "]"+ "[length=" + length + "]";
}
}
实验3:编程练习2
编制一个程序,将身份证号.txt 中的信息读入到内存中,输入一个身份证号或姓名,查询显示查询对象的姓名、身份证号、年龄、性别和出生地。
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Demo {
private static ArrayList<Student>studentlist = null;
public static void main(String args[]) {
studentlist = new ArrayList<>();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
File file = new File("D:/身份证号.txt" );
BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
String temp = null;
while ((temp = reader.readLine()) != null) {
Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");
String name = linescanner.next();
String number = linescanner.next();
String sex = linescanner.next();
String age = linescanner.next();
String province =linescanner.nextLine();
Student student = new Student();
student.setName(name);
student.setnumber(number);
student.setsex(sex);
student.setage(age);
student.setprovince(province);
studentlist.add(student);
}
reader.close();
} catch (IOException e) { //读错
e.printStackTrace();
}
int status=1;
while (status!=0)
{
System.out.println("1:通过姓名查询");
System.out.println("2:通过身份证号查询");
System.out.println("0:退出");
status = scanner.nextInt();
switch (status) {
case 1:
System.out.println("请输入姓名:");
String scanner1 = scanner.next();
int nameint = findStudentByName(scanner1);
if(nameint != -1) {
System.out.println("查找信息为:身份证号:"
+ studentlist.get(nameint).getnumber() + " 姓名:"
+ studentlist.get(nameint).getName() +" 性别:"
+studentlist.get(nameint).getsex() +" 年龄:"
+studentlist.get(nameint).getage()+" 地址:"
+studentlist.get(nameint).getprovince()
);
} break;
case 2:
System.out.println("请输入身份证号:");
String studentid = scanner.next();
int id = findStudentById(studentid);
if (id != -1) {
System.out.println("查找信息为:身份证号:"
+ studentlist.get(id ).getnumber() + " 姓名:"
+ studentlist.get(id ).getName() +" 性别:"
+studentlist.get(id ).getsex() +" 年龄:"
+studentlist.get(id ).getage()+" 地址:"
+studentlist.get(id ).getprovince()
);
}break;
case 0:
status = 0;
System.out.println("程序已退出!");
break;
default:
System.out.println("输入错误");
}
}
}
public static int findStudentByName(String name) {
int flag = -1;
int a[];
for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) {
if (studentlist.get(i).getName().equals(name)) {
flag= i;
}
}
return flag;
}
public static int findStudentById(String id) {
int flag = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) {
if (studentlist.get(i).getnumber().equals(id)) {
flag = i;
}
}
return flag;
}
}
public class Student {
private String name;
private String number ;
private String sex ;
private String age;
private String province;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getnumber() {
return number;
}
public void setnumber(String number) {
this.number = number;
}
public String getsex() {
return sex ;
}
public void setsex(String sex ) {
this.sex =sex ;
}
public String getage() {
return age;
}
public void setage(String age ) {
this.age=age ;
}
public String getprovince() {
return province;
}
public void setprovince(String province) {
this.province=province ;
}
}
/*public void setStudentId(String string) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
public int getStudentId() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return 0;
}
}*/
总结:在抽象类里面定义动态数组,并且引用父类的属性与方法,通过在子类当中实现该方法,这过程我还没有完全掌握,我想不用数组,临时定义一个变量通过不同的参数来引用子类的public方法,,,,可是还不能很好地实现,也许我理解有问题,还需要多查资料解决疑惑。。。。