Network and transport layer Part1
Features of transport layer and network layer
transport layer:
- end-to-end channel;
- reliable communication(segmenting + ARQ);
- addressing of individual applications(ports);
network layer:
- addressing and routing of packets;
- connecting different networks;
Addressing
address types:
- Application layer: URL
- Transport layer(e.g TCP): Port number (identify which application this TCP connection servers for)
- Network layer(IP): IP address (used for identifying devices across networks)
- Data link layer: MAC address (used for sending frames in a LAN)
address management:
- DNS entries:
- ICANN/Registrars manage top-level and second-level domains;
- Network admins manage DNS for their assigned domains
- Port numbers:
- IANA maintains official list of port numbers;
- IP addresses:
- IANA and 5 RIRs allocate blocks of addresses, local registries redistribute to customers;
- Network admins configure (static or dynamic) addresses in their assigned block;
- MAC addresses:
- hardware manufacturers;
each “layer 3 device” has an address
layer 3 devices includes: clients, servers and routers;
IPv4 addresses
- 32 bits addresses
- dotted decimal notation
- hierarchy used for routing
- Subnet mask: 255.255.192.0 or /26
Network classes
-
Previously used hierarchy:
Class A: /8 (e.g. IBM, MIT, AT&T…)
Class B: /16 (e.g. Monash)
Class C: /24
(the number means the digits used for network number)
IPv6
- 128 bits
- It’s used for easily create hierarchies, not only the amount.
- This makes it easy to assign whole subnets
-
Address space:
IANA+RIR(23 bits) + ISP(9 bits) + Company/Organization(16 bits) + Subnet(16 bits) + Interface ID(64 bits)(mostly the MAC address) = 128 bits;
Dynamicly configure IP address
IPv4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)
- Send broadcast to DHCP server to get an address and subnet mask
- addresses are only leased for a limited time
- Makes efficient use for limited IPv4 address space
- Much easier for admins to manage than static addresses
IPv6