Demo:https://github.com/caozhiyuan/ClrProfiler.Trace
背景
为了实现自动、无依赖地跟踪分析应用程序性能(达到商业级APM效果),作者希望能动态修改应用字节码。在相关调研之后,决定采用profiler api进行实现。
介绍
作者将对.NET ClrProfiler 字节码重写技术进行相关阐述。
Profiler是微软提供的一套跟踪和分析应用的工具,其提供了一套api可以跟踪和分析.NET程序运行情况。其原理架构图如下:
本文所使用的方式是直接对方法字节码进行重写,动态引用程序集、插入异常捕捉代码、插入执行前后代码。
其中相关基础概念涉及CLI标准(ECMS-355),CLI标准对公用语言运行时进行了详细的描述。
本文主要涉及到 :
1. 程序集定义、引用
2. 类型定义、引用
3. 方法定义、引用
4. 操作码
5. 签名(此文对签名格式举了很多例子,可以帮助理解)
实现
在此文中提供了入门级讲解,下面我们直接正题。
在JIt编译时候将会对CorProfiler类进行初始化,在此环节我们主要对于监听的事件进行订阅和配置初始化工作,我们主要关心ModuleLoad事件。
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE CorProfiler::Initialize(IUnknown *pICorProfilerInfoUnk)
{
const HRESULT queryHR = pICorProfilerInfoUnk->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ICorProfilerInfo8), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&this->corProfilerInfo));
if (FAILED(queryHR))
{
return E_FAIL;
}
const DWORD eventMask = COR_PRF_MONITOR_JIT_COMPILATION |
COR_PRF_DISABLE_TRANSPARENCY_CHECKS_UNDER_FULL_TRUST | /* helps the case where this profiler is used on Full CLR */
COR_PRF_DISABLE_INLINING |
COR_PRF_MONITOR_MODULE_LOADS |
COR_PRF_DISABLE_ALL_NGEN_IMAGES;
this->corProfilerInfo->SetEventMask(eventMask);
this->clrProfilerHomeEnvValue = GetEnvironmentValue(ClrProfilerHome);
if(this->clrProfilerHomeEnvValue.empty()) {
Warn("ClrProfilerHome Not Found");
return E_FAIL;
}
this->traceConfig = LoadTraceConfig(this->clrProfilerHomeEnvValue);
if (this->traceConfig.traceAssemblies.empty()) {
Warn("TraceAssemblies Not Found");
return E_FAIL;
}
Info("CorProfiler Initialize Success");
return S_OK;
}
在ModuleLoadFinished后,我们主要获取程序集的EntryPointToken(mian方法token)、运行时mscorlib.dll(net framework)或System.Private.CoreLib.dll(netcore)程序版本基础信息以供后面动态引用。
HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE CorProfiler::ModuleLoadFinished(ModuleID moduleId, HRESULT hrStatus)
{
auto module_info = GetModuleInfo(this->corProfilerInfo, moduleId);
if (!module_info.IsValid() || module_info.IsWindowsRuntime()) {
return S_OK;
}
if (module_info.assembly.name == "dotnet"_W ||
module_info.assembly.name == "MSBuild"_W)
{
return S_OK;
}
const auto entryPointToken = module_info.GetEntryPointToken();
ModuleMetaInfo* module_metadata = new ModuleMetaInfo(entryPointToken, module_info.assembly.name);
{
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mapLock);
moduleMetaInfoMap[moduleId] = module_metadata;
}
if (entryPointToken != mdTokenNil)
{
Info("Assembly:{} EntryPointToken:{}", ToString(module_info.assembly.name), entryPointToken);
}
if (module_info.assembly.name == "mscorlib"_W || module_info.assembly.name == "System.Private.CoreLib"_W) {
if(!corAssemblyProperty.szName.empty()) {
return S_OK;
}
CComPtr<IUnknown> metadata_interfaces;
auto hr = corProfilerInfo->GetModuleMetaData(moduleId, ofRead | ofWrite,
IID_IMetaDataImport2,
metadata_interfaces.GetAddressOf());
RETURN_OK_IF_FAILED(hr);
auto pAssemblyImport = metadata_interfaces.As<IMetaDataAssemblyImport>(
IID_IMetaDataAssemblyImport);
if (pAssemblyImport.IsNull()) {
return S_OK;
}
mdAssembly assembly;
hr = pAssemblyImport->GetAssemblyFromScope(&assembly);
RETURN_OK_IF_FAILED(hr);
hr = pAssemblyImport->GetAssemblyProps(
assembly,
&corAssemblyProperty.ppbPublicKey,
&corAssemblyProperty.pcbPublicKey,
&corAssemblyProperty.pulHashAlgId,
NULL,
0,
NULL,
&corAssemblyProperty.pMetaData,
&corAssemblyProperty.assemblyFlags);
RETURN_OK_IF_FAILED(hr);
corAssemblyProperty.szName = module_info.assembly.name;
return S_OK;
}
return S_OK;
}
下面进行方法编译,在JITCompilationStarted时,我们会进行Main方法字节码插入动态加载Trace程序集(Main方法前添加Assembly.LoadFrom(path))。
在指定方法编译时,我们需要对方法签名进行分析,方法签名中主要包含方法调用方式、参数个数、泛型参数个数、返回类型、参数类型集合。
在分析完方法签名和方法名后与我们配置的方法进行匹配,如果一致进行IL重写。我们会对代码修改成如下方式:
private Task DataRead(string a, int b)
{
return Task.Delay(10);
}
private Task DataReadWrapper(string a, int b)
{
object ret = null;
Exception ex = null;
MethodTrace methodTrace = null;
try
{
methodTrace = (MethodTrace) ((TraceAgent) TraceAgent.GetInstance())
.BeforeMethod(this.GetType(), this, new object[] {a, b}, functiontoken);
ret = Task.Delay(10);
goto T;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
ex = e;
throw;
}
finally
{
if (methodTrace != null)
{
methodTrace.EndMethod(ret, ex);
}
}
T:
return (Task)ret;
}
其中主要包含方法本地变量签名重写、方法体字节重写(包含代码体、异常体)。
方法本地变量签名重写代码:
// add ret ex methodTrace var to local var
HRESULT ModifyLocalSig(CComPtr<IMetaDataImport2>& pImport,
CComPtr<IMetaDataEmit2>& pEmit,
ILRewriter& reWriter,
mdTypeRef exTypeRef,
mdTypeRef methodTraceTypeRef)
{
HRESULT hr;
PCCOR_SIGNATURE rgbOrigSig = NULL;
ULONG cbOrigSig = 0;
UNALIGNED INT32 temp = 0;
if (reWriter.m_tkLocalVarSig != mdTokenNil)
{
IfFailRet(pImport->GetSigFromToken(reWriter.m_tkLocalVarSig, &rgbOrigSig, &cbOrigSig));
//Check Is ReWrite or not
const auto len = CorSigCompressToken(methodTraceTypeRef, &temp);
if(cbOrigSig - len > 0){
if(rgbOrigSig[cbOrigSig - len -1]== ELEMENT_TYPE_CLASS){
if (memcmp(&rgbOrigSig[cbOrigSig - len], &temp, len) == 0) {
return E_FAIL;
}
}
}
}
auto exTypeRefSize = CorSigCompressToken(exTypeRef, &temp);
auto methodTraceTypeRefSize = CorSigCompressToken(methodTraceTypeRef, &temp);
ULONG cbNewSize = cbOrigSig + 1 + 1 + methodTraceTypeRefSize + 1 + exTypeRefSize;
ULONG cOrigLocals;
ULONG cNewLocalsLen;
ULONG cbOrigLocals = 0;
if (cbOrigSig == 0) {
cbNewSize += 2;
reWriter.cNewLocals = 3;
cNewLocalsLen = CorSigCompressData(reWriter.cNewLocals, &temp);
}
else {
cbOrigLocals = CorSigUncompressData(rgbOrigSig + 1, &cOrigLocals);
reWriter.cNewLocals = cOrigLocals + 3;
cNewLocalsLen = CorSigCompressData(reWriter.cNewLocals, &temp);
cbNewSize += cNewLocalsLen - cbOrigLocals;
}
const auto rgbNewSig = new COR_SIGNATURE[cbNewSize];
*rgbNewSig = IMAGE_CEE_CS_CALLCONV_LOCAL_SIG;
ULONG rgbNewSigOffset = 1;
memcpy(rgbNewSig + rgbNewSigOffset, &temp, cNewLocalsLen);
rgbNewSigOffset += cNewLocalsLen;
if (cbOrigSig > 0) {
const auto cbOrigCopyLen = cbOrigSig - 1 - cbOrigLocals;
memcpy(rgbNewSig + rgbNewSigOffset, rgbOrigSig + 1 + cbOrigLocals, cbOrigCopyLen);
rgbNewSigOffset += cbOrigCopyLen;
}
rgbNewSig[rgbNewSigOffset++] = ELEMENT_TYPE_OBJECT;
rgbNewSig[rgbNewSigOffset++] = ELEMENT_TYPE_CLASS;
exTypeRefSize = CorSigCompressToken(exTypeRef, &temp);
memcpy(rgbNewSig + rgbNewSigOffset, &temp, exTypeRefSize);
rgbNewSigOffset += exTypeRefSize;
rgbNewSig[rgbNewSigOffset++] = ELEMENT_TYPE_CLASS;
methodTraceTypeRefSize = CorSigCompressToken(methodTraceTypeRef, &temp);
memcpy(rgbNewSig + rgbNewSigOffset, &temp, methodTraceTypeRefSize);
rgbNewSigOffset += methodTraceTypeRefSize;
IfFailRet(pEmit->GetTokenFromSig(&rgbNewSig[0], cbNewSize, &reWriter.m_tkLocalVarSig));
return S_OK;
}
方法体重写主要涉及到如下数据结构:
struct ILInstr {
ILInstr* m_pNext;
ILInstr* m_pPrev;
unsigned m_opcode;
unsigned m_offset;
union {
ILInstr* m_pTarget;
INT8 m_Arg8;
INT16 m_Arg16;
INT32 m_Arg32;
INT64 m_Arg64;
};
};
struct EHClause {
CorExceptionFlag m_Flags;
ILInstr* m_pTryBegin;
ILInstr* m_pTryEnd;
ILInstr* m_pHandlerBegin; // First instruction inside the handler
ILInstr* m_pHandlerEnd; // Last instruction inside the handler
union {
DWORD m_ClassToken; // use for type-based exception handlers
ILInstr* m_pFilter; // use for filter-based exception handlers
// (COR_ILEXCEPTION_CLAUSE_FILTER is set)
};
};
il_rewriter.cpp会将方法体字节解析成一个双向链表,便于我们在链表中插入字节码。我们在方法头指针前插入pre执行代码,同时新建一个ret指针,在ret指针前插入catch 和finally块字节码(需要判断方法返回类型,进行适当拆箱处理),原ret操作码全部改为goto到新建的endfinally指针next处,最后我们为原方法新增catch和finally异常处理体。这样我们就实现了整个方法的拦截。
最后看我们TraceAgent代码实现,我们通过Type和functiontoken获取到MethodBase,然后通过配置获取目标跟踪程序集实现对方法的跟踪和分析。
public EndMethodDelegate BeforeWrappedMethod(object type,
object invocationTarget,
object[] methodArguments,
uint functionToken)
{
if (invocationTarget == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException(nameof(invocationTarget));
}
var traceMethodInfo = new TraceMethodInfo
{
InvocationTarget = invocationTarget,
MethodArguments = methodArguments,
Type = (Type) type
};
var functionInfo = GetFunctionInfoFromCache(functionToken, traceMethodInfo);
traceMethodInfo.MethodBase = functionInfo.MethodBase;
if (functionInfo.MethodWrapper == null)
{
PrepareMethodWrapper(functionInfo, traceMethodInfo);
}
return functionInfo.MethodWrapper?.BeforeWrappedMethod(traceMethodInfo);
}
结论
通过Profiler API我们动态实现了.NET应用的跟踪和分析,并且只要配置环境变量(profiler.dll目录等)。与传统的dynamicproxy或手动埋点相比,其更加灵活,且无依赖。
参考
NET-file-format-Signatures-under-the-hood