Chapter 4: Essential Linux Commands (part 2) __Linux 101 Hacks

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原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/way_testlife/archive/2010/09/21/1832751.html

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Chapter 4: Essential Linux Commands

__Linux 101 Hacks

Hack 23. Sort Command

Sort command sorts the lines of a text file.

employee information in the format:

employee_name:employee_id:department_name.

$ cat names.txt
Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support
Nisha Singh: 500 :Sales

Sort a text file in ascending order

$ sort names.txt
Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
Nisha Singh: 500 :Sales
Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support

Sort a text file in descending order

$ sort - r names.txt
Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support
Nisha Singh: 500 :Sales
Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
Alex Jason: 200 :Sales

Sort a colon delimited text file on 2nd field (employee_id)

$ sort - t: - k 2 names.txt
Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support
Nisha Singh: 500 :Sales

Sort a tab delimited text file on 3rd field (department_name) and suppress duplicates

$ sort - t: - u - k 3 names.txt
Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support

Sort the passwd file by the 3rd field (numeric userid)

代码

$ sort - t: - k 3n / etc / passwd | more
root:x:0:0:root: / root: / bin / bash
bin:x: 1 : 1 :bin: / bin: / sbin / nologin
daemon:x: 2 : 2 :daemon: / sbin: / sbin / nologin
adm:x: 3 : 4 :adm: / var / adm: / sbin / nologin
lp:x: 4 : 7 :lp: / var / spool / lpd: / sbin / nologin

Sort /etc/hosts file by ip-addres

代码

$ sort - t . - k 1 ,1n - k 2 ,2n - k 3 ,3n - k 4 ,4n / etc / hosts
127.0 . 0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
192.168 . 100.101 dev - db.thegeekstuff.com dev - db
192.168 . 100.102 prod - db.thegeekstuff.com prod - db
192.168 . 101.20 dev - web.thegeekstuff.com dev - web
192.168 . 101.21 prod - web.thegeekstuff.com prod - web

Combine sort with other commands

代码

ps –ef | sort : Sort the output of process list

ls - al | sort + 4n : List the files in the ascending order of the file - size. i.e sorted by 5th filed and displaying smallest files first.

ls - al | sort + 4nr : List the files in the descending order of the file - size. i.e sorted by 5th filed and displaying largest files first.

Hack 24. Uniq Command

Uniq command is mostly used in combination with sort command, as uniq removes duplicates only from a sorted file.

1. When you have an employee file with duplicate entries, you can do the following to remove duplicates.

$ sort namesd.txt | uniq
$ sort –u namesd.txt

2. If you want to know how many lines are duplicates, do the following.

$ sort namesd.txt | uniq –c
2 Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
2 Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing
1 Madison Randy: 300 :Product Development
1 Nisha Singh: 500 :Sales
1 Sanjay Gupta: 400 :Support

3. The following displays only the entries that are duplicates.

$ sort namesd.txt | uniq –cd
2 Alex Jason: 200 :Sales
2 Emma Thomas: 100 :Marketing

Hack 25. Cut Command

Cut command can be used to display only specific columns from a text file or other command outputs.

Display the 1st field (employee name) from a colon delimited file.

$ cut - d: - f 1 names.txt
Emma Thomas
Alex Jason
Madison Randy
Sanjay Gupta
Nisha Singh

Display 1st and 3rd field from a colon delimited file

$ cut - d: - f 1 , 3 names.txt
Emma Thomas:Marketing
Alex Jason:Sales
Madison Randy:Product Development
Sanjay Gupta:Support
Nisha Singh:Sales

Display only the first 8 characters of every line in a file

$ cut - c 1 - 8 names.txt
Emma Tho
Alex Jas
Madison
Sanjay G
Nisha Si

Misc Cut command examples

cut - d: - f1 / etc / passwd Displays the unix login names for all the users in the system.

free | tr - s ' ' | sed ' /^Mem/!d ' | cut - d " " - f2 Displays the total memory available on the system.

Hack 26. Stat Command

Stat command can be used either to check the status/properties of a single file or the filesystem.

代码

$ stat / etc / my.cnf
File: ` / etc / my.cnf '
Size: 346 Blocks: 16 IO Block: 4096
Device: regular file Inode: 279856 Links: 1
Access:(( 0644 /- rw - r -- r -- ) Uid: (0 / root) Gid:(0 / root)
Access: 2009 - 01 - 01 02 : 58 : 30.000000000 - 0 800
Modify: 2006 - 06 - 01 20 : 42 : 27.000000000 - 0700
Change: 2007 - 02 - 02 14 : 17 : 27.000000000 - 0 800

代码

$ stat / home / ramesh
File: ` / home / ramesh '
Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory
Device: 803h / 2051d Inode: 5521409 Links: 7
Access: ( 0755 / drwxr - xr - x) Uid: ( 401 / ramesh) Gid: ( 401 / ramesh)
Access: 2009 - 01 - 01 12 : 17 : 42.000000000 - 0 800
Modify: 2009 - 01 - 01 12 : 07 : 33.000000000 - 0 800
Change: 2009 - 01 - 0 9 12 : 07 : 33.000000000 - 0 800

Display the status of the filesystem using option –f

$ stat - f /
File: " / "
ID: 0 Namelen: 255 Type: ext2 / ext3
Blocks: Total: 2579457 Free: 2008027 Available: 1876998 Size: 4096
Inodes: Total: 1310720 Free: 1215892

Hack 27. Diff Command

diff command compares two different files and reports the difference.

The output is very cryptic and not straight forward to read.

Syntax: diff [options] file1 file2

option -w in the diff command will ignore the white space while performing the comparison.

In the following diff output:

The lines above ---, indicates the changes happened in first file in the diff command (i.e name_list.txt).

The lines below ---, indicates the changes happened to the second file in the diff command (i.e name_list_new.txt). The lines that belong to the first file starts with < and the lines of second file starts with >.