具体使用见<stdio.h>
一、errno的由来
在C编程中,errno是个不可缺少的变量,特别是在网络编程中。如果你没有用过errno,那只能说明你的程序不够健壮。当然,如果你是WIN32平台的GetLastError(),效果也是一样的。
为什么会使用errno呢?个人认为,这是系统库设计中的一个无奈之举,他更多的是个技巧,而不是架构上的需要。我们观察下函数结构,可以发现,函数的参 数返回值只有一个,这个返回值一般可以携带错误信息,比如负数表示错误,而正数表述正确的返回值,比如recv函数。但是对于一些返回指针的函数, 如:char *get_str();这个方法显然没有用的。NULL可以表示发生错误,但是发生什么错误却毫无办法。于是,errno就诞生了。全局变量errno可 以存放错误原因,当错误发生时,函数的返回值是可以通过非法值来提示错误的发生。
二、errno的线程安全
errno是全局变量,但是在多线程环境下,就会变得很恐怖。当你调用一个函数时,发现这个函数发生了错误,但当你使用错误原因时,他却变成了另外一个线程的错误提示。想想就会觉得是件可怕的事情。
将errno设置为线程局部变量是个不错的主意,事实上,GCC中就是这么干的。他保证了线程之间的错误原因不会互相串改,当你在一个线程中串行执行一系列过程,那么得到的errno仍然是正确的。(因此errno是线程安全的)
看下,bits/errno.h的定义:
# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ /* Function to get address of global `errno' variable. */ extern int *__errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__)); # if !defined _LIBC || defined _LIBC_REENTRANT /* When using threads, errno is a per-thread value. */ # define errno (*__errno_location ()) # endif # endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */
而errno.h中是这样定义的:
/* Declare the `errno' variable, unless it's defined as a macro by bits/errno.h. This is the case in GNU, where it is a per-thread variable. This redeclaration using the macro still works, but it will be a function declaration without a prototype and may trigger a -Wstrict-prototypes warning. */ #ifndef errno extern int errno; #endif
显然,errno实际上,并不是我们通常认为的是个整型数值,而是通过整型指针来获取值的。这个整型就是线程安全的。
三、errno的实现
static pthread_key_t key; static pthread_once_t key_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; static void make_key() { (void) pthread_key_create(&key, NULL); } int *_errno() { int *ptr ; (void) pthread_once(&key_once, make_key); if ((ptr = pthread_getspecific(key)) == NULL) { ptr = malloc(sizeof(int)); (void) pthread_setspecific(key, ptr); } return ptr ; }
四、errno的应用
errno在库中得到广泛的应用,但是,错误编码实际上不止那么多。我们需要在自己的系统中增加更多的错误编码。一种方式就是直接利用errno,另外一种方式就是定义自己的user_errno。
使用errno,strerror可能无法解析,这需要自己解决。但errno使用线程变量的方式值得借鉴。
查看错误代码errno是调试程序的一个重要方法。当linux C api函数发生异常时,一般会将errno变量(需include errno.h)赋一个整数值,不同的值表示不同的含义,可以通过查看该值推测出错的原因。在实际编程中用这一招解决了不少原本看来莫名其妙的问题。比较 麻烦的是每次都要去linux源代码里面查找错误代码的含义,现在把它贴出来,以后需要查时就来这里看了。
// 以下来自linux 2.4.20-18的内核代码中的/usr/include/asm/errno.h #ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H #define _I386_ERRNO_H #define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */ #define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */ #define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */ #define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */ #define EIO 5 /* I/O error */ #define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */ #define E2BIG 7 /* Arg list too long */ #define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */ #define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */ #define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */ #define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */ #define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */ #define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */ #define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */ #define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */ #define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */ #define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */ #define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */ #define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */ #define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */ #define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */ #define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */ #define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */ #define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */ #define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */ #define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */ #define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */ #define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */ #define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */ #define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */ #define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */ #define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */ #define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */ #define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */ #define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */ #define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */ #define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */ #define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */ #define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */ #define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */ #define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */ #define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */ #define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */ #define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */ #define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */ #define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */ #define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */ #define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */ #define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */ #define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */ #define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */ #define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */ #define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */ #define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */ #define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */ #define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */ #define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK #define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */ #define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */ #define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */ #define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */ #define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */ #define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */ #define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */ #define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */ #define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */ #define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */ #define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */ #define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */ #define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */ #define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */ #define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */ #define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */ #define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */ #define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */ #define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */ #define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */ #define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */ #define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */ #define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */ #define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */ #define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */ #define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */ #define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */ #define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */ #define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */ #define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */ #define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */ #define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */ #define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */ #define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */ #define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */ #define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */ #define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */ #define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */ #define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */ #define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */ #define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */ #define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */ #define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */ #define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */ #define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */ #define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */ #define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */ #define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */ #define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */ #define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */ #define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */ #define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */ #define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */ #define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */ #define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */ #define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */ #define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */ #define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */ #define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */ #define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */ #define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */ #define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */ #define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */ #define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */ #define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */ #define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */ #endif