一：字符串操作
>>> n3_arg
{'age': 33, 'name': 'alex'}
>>> n3
'my name is {name} and age is {age}'
>>> n3.format_map(n3_arg)
'my name is alex and age is 33'
>>> n4="Hello world"
>>> n4.ljust(40,"-") #ljust(n,"#") 固定列宽为n，左对齐输出，不足内容由“#”补充
'Hello world-----------------------------'
>>> n4.rjust(40,"-") #ljust(n,"#") 固定列宽为n，右对齐输出，不足内容由“#”补充
‘-----------------------------Hello world'
>>> s
'Hello World!'
>>> p = str.maketrans("abcdefg","3!@#$%^")
>>> s.translate(p)
'H$llo Worl#!'
>>> b="ddefdsff_哈哈"
>>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串可否被当作标识符，即是否符合变量名规则
True
二：字典操作
字典是一种 key - value的数据类型，使用就像我们上学用的字典，通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。
语法：
info = {
'stu1101':"Tenglan Wu",
'stu1102':"LongZe Luola",
'stu1103':"XiaoZe Maliya",
}
字典的特性：
• dict是无序的
• key必须是唯一的,so 天生去重
增加
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1101': 'Tenglan Wu', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info["stu1104"]="胡歌"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌', 'stu1101': 'Tenglan Wu', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
修改
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌', 'stu1101': 'Tenglan Wu', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info["stu1101"] = "赵丽颖"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌', 'stu1101': '赵丽颖', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
删除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌', 'stu1101': '赵丽颖', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿势
'赵丽颖'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿势删除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌'}
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '胡歌'}
>>> info.popitem()
('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
>>> info
{'stu1104': '胡歌'}
查找
>>> info = {'stu1102':'LongZe Luola','stu1103':'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102") #获取
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上，但是看下面
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1105"] #如果一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#167>", line 1, in <module>
info["stu1105"] #如果一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
KeyError: 'stu1105'
>>> info.get("stu1105")
>>>
多级字典嵌套及操作
av_catalog = {
"欧美":{
"www.youporn.com": ["很多免费的,世界最大的","质量一般"],
"www.pornhub.com": ["很多免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
"letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高质量图片很多","资源不多,更新慢"],
"x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","全部收费,屌比请绕过"]
},
"日韩":{
"tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,个人已经不喜欢日韩范了","听说是收费的"]
},
"大陆":{
"1024":["全部免费,真好,好人一生平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
}
}
av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput
['全部免费,真好,好人一生平安', '服务器在国外,慢,可以用爬虫爬下来']
其他姿势
#values
>>> info.values()
dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])
#keys
>>> info.keys()
dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])
#setdefault
>>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
'Alex'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
#update
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
>>> info.update(b)
>>> info
{'stu1102': '龙泽萝拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
#items
info.items()
dict_items([('stu1102', '龙泽萝拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])
#通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
{1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}
循环dict
#方法1
for key in info:
print(key,info[key])
#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
print(k,v)
程序练习
程序：三级菜单
要求：
1.打印省、市、县三级菜单
2.可返回上一级
3.可随时退出程序
三：集合操作
集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用如下：
• 去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了
• 关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系
常用操作
s = set([3,5,9,10]) #创建一个数值集合
t = set("Hello") #创建一个唯一字符的集合
a = t | s # t 和 s的并集
b = t & s # t 和 s的交集
c = t – s # 求差集（项在t中，但不在s中）
d = t ^ s # 对称差集（项在t或s中，但不会同时出现在二者中）
基本操作：
t.add('x') # 添加一项
s.update([10,37,42]) # 在s中添加多项
使用remove()可以删除一项：
t.remove('H')
len(s)
set 的长度
x in s
测试 x 是否是 s 的成员
x not in s
测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员
s.issubset(t)
s <= t
测试是否 s 中的每一个元素都在 t 中
s.issuperset(t)
s >= t
测试是否 t 中的每一个元素都在 s 中
s.union(t)
s | t
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一个元素
s.intersection(t)
s & t
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素
s.difference(t)
s - t
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中没有的元素
s.symmetric_difference(t)
s ^ t
返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素
s.copy()
返回 set “s”的一个浅复制
四：文件操作
对文件操作流程
1. 打开文件，得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
3. 关闭文件
基本操作
f = open('lyrics') #打开文件
first_line = f.readline()
print('first line:',first_line) #读一行
print('我是分隔线'.center(50,'-'))
data = f.read()# 读取剩下的所有内容,文件大时不要用
print(data) #打印文件
f.close() #关闭文件
打开文件的模式有：
• r，只读模式（默认）。
• w，只写模式。【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则删除内容；】
• a，追加模式。【可读； 不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容；】
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
• r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
• w+，写读
• a+，同a
"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）
• rU
• r+U
"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）
• rb
• wb
• ab
其他语法
def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Close the file.
A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be
called more than once without error.
"""
pass
def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
pass
def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
pass
def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
"""
注意，不一定能全读回来
Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
"""
return ""
def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file was opened in a read mode. """
pass
def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
or None if no data is available. Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
"""
pass
def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
pass #不要用,没人知道它是干嘛用的
def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Move to new file position and return the file position.
Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
Note that not all file objects are seekable.
"""
pass
def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file supports random-access. """
pass
def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Current file position.
Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
"""
pass
def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
The current file position is changed to the value of size.
"""
pass
def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file was opened in a write mode. """
pass
def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Write bytes b to file, return number written.
Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode,
returns None if the write would block.
"""
pass
with语句
为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭，可以通过管理上下文，即：
with open('log','r') as f:
...
如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。
在python2.7之后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：
with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
pass
程序练习
程序1：实现建单的shell sed替换功能
程序2：修改haproxy配置文件
需求：
1、查
输入：www.oldboy.org
获取当前backend下的所有记录
2、新建
输入：
arg = {
'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
'record':{
'server': '100.1.7.9',
'weight': 20,
'maxconn': 30
}
}
3、删除
输入：
arg = {
'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
'record':{
'server': '100.1.7.9',
'weight': 20,
'maxconn': 30
}
}
原配置文件：
global
log 127.0.0.1 local2
daemon
maxconn 256
log 127.0.0.1 local2 info
defaults
log global
mode http
timeout connect 5000ms
timeout client 50000ms
timeout server 50000ms
option dontlognull
listen stats :8888
stats enable
stats uri /admin
stats auth admin:1234
frontend oldboy.org
bind 0.0.0.0:80
option httplog
option httpclose
option forwardfor
log global
acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org
use_backend www.oldboy.org if www
backend www.oldboy.org
server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000
现有文件”lyrics“如下：
Somehow, it seems the love I knew was always the most destructive kind
不知为何，我经历的爱情总是最具毁灭性的的那种
Yesterday when I was young
昨日当我年少轻狂
The taste of life was sweet
生命的滋味是甜的
As rain upon my tongue
就如舌尖上的雨露
I teased at life as if it were a foolish game
我戏弄生命 视其为愚蠢的游戏
The way the evening breeze
就如夜晚的微风
May tease the candle flame
逗弄蜡烛的火苗
The thousand dreams I dreamed
我曾千万次梦见
The splendid things I planned
那些我计划的绚丽蓝图
I always built to last on weak and shifting sand
但我总是将之建筑在易逝的流沙上
I lived by night and shunned the naked light of day
我夜夜笙歌 逃避白昼赤裸的阳光
And only now I see how the time ran away
事到如今我才看清岁月是如何匆匆流逝
Yesterday when I was young
昨日当我年少轻狂
So many lovely songs were waiting to be sung
有那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱
So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受
And so much pain my eyes refused to see
还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见
I ran so fast that time and youth at last ran out
我飞快地奔走 最终时光与青春消逝殆尽
I never stopped to think what life was all about
我从未停下脚步去思考生命的意义
And every conversation that I can now recall
如今回想起的所有对话
Concerned itself with me and nothing else at all
除了和我相关的 什么都记不得了
The game of love I played with arrogance and pride
我用自负和傲慢玩着爱情的游戏
And every flame I lit too quickly, quickly died
所有我点燃的火焰都熄灭得太快
The friends I made all somehow seemed to slip away
所有我交的朋友似乎都不知不觉地离开了
And only now I'm left alone to end the play, yeah
只剩我一个人在台上来结束这场闹剧
Oh, yesterday when I was young
噢 昨日当我年少轻狂
So many, many songs were waiting to be sung
有那么那么多甜美的曲儿等我歌唱
So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
有那么多肆意的快乐等我享受
And so much pain my eyes refused to see
还有那么多痛苦 我的双眼却视而不见
There are so many songs in me that won't be sung
我有太多歌曲永远不会被唱起
I feel the bitter taste of tears upon my tongue
我尝到了舌尖泪水的苦涩滋味
The time has come for me to pay for yesterday
终于到了付出代价的时间 为了昨日
When I was young
当我年少轻狂
五：字符的编码与转码
需知:
1.在python2默认编码是ASCII, python3里默认是utf-8
2.unicode 分为 utf-32(占4个字节),utf-16(占两个字节)，utf-8(占1-4个字节)， so utf-8就是unicode
3.在py3中encode,在转码的同时还会把string 变成bytes类型，decode在解码的同时还会把bytes变回string
in python2:
#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
__author__ = 'Alex Li'
import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
msg = "我爱北京天安门"
msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")
print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_gbk)
in python3:
#-*-coding:gb2312 -*- #这个也可以去掉
__author__ = 'Alex Li'
import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
msg = "我爱北京天安门"
#msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")
print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_unicode)
print(gb2312_to_utf8)
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