使用这个父类型的指针访问类的属性或方法时,如果父类和子类都有这个名称的属性或方法,哪一个属性或方法会被调用呢?
最好的办法是实验:
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结果输出:
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实验证明。属性会访问父类的。方法会访问子类的。
支持将Child型的实例放在Father型的变量里,这就是多态了。
不要以为Father obj=new Child();这条语句一定会让obj.printname()指向Chlid定义的printname()。实际上,如果你把Father类中的printname()方法删除,这个程序将编译失败。因为Father中的并没有定义printname()这个函数。多态是 晚绑定*(见本文最后的资料)的,在Father obj=new Child();这个语句中,如果Father中没有printname()这个函数,就不会为obj建立一个用于调用printname()函数的指针。所以调用obj.printname()会出错。如果Father中有这个函数。指向printname()函数的指针会被创建。在调用obj.printname()时,不会出错,而且,因为obj指向的是new Child(),是个Chld类的实例。所以调用obj.printname()时调用了Child类中定义的printname()。这就是方法的动态绑定。
那么,刚才说到把Father类中的printname()方法删掉后,obj将无法调用Child类中的printname(),因为obj.printname()会编译失败。那么如果我就是需要调用要怎么办呢?其实虽然obj是Father类型的,但是它指向的是一个Child类的实例。那么可以将obj强制类型转换为Child。再调用printname()方法就可以了。
在上面程序中,把Father类中的printname()方法整个删掉,再将obj.printname() 改成 ((Child)obj).printname()后,编译成功,结果输出:
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两次输出的结果都是I'm Child。
那么如何可以运行Child类中的printname()来输出“I'm Father”呢?
其实只需要将Father obj=new Child();改成Father obj=new Father();就可以了,呵呵。另一个办法就是将Child类中定义的printname()整个删掉。为什么这样可以成功呢?自己想想,嘿嘿。最后会有个这样的思考题。
看到这儿你可能早就想问了:
为什么obj.r是4?为什么不是5?
呵呵。其实很简单。Java中的多态仅为方法而言,成员变量还是使用的父类的成员变量。也就是说,因为“Father obj =……”,所以obj是Father类型的,所以obj里面的r是Father里面的r,所以输出obj.r就是4了。
你又想问:
那么5去哪了?new Child()的时候,不是会把5放到Child的r中吗?
实际上5还是有的。只是obj.r是4而已。想访问Child中的r,把5读出来,可以这样写:
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就是把obj由Father型强制转换成了Child型。
OK,方法和属性在多态中是什么样的你都清楚了。现在做个题测试一下吧:
这是J@Whiz1.4的一道题:
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会输出什么?
先想想,再看答案:
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留个思考题,也很重要的,一定要试试。
就是——如果在Derived类中。把public void amethod()这整个函数去除掉。程序又会输出什么呢?
资料:
http://blog.csdn.net/yizhu2000/archive/2007/07/12/1686634.aspx
摘抄:
绑定:在对象和其类型间建立关联的过程
早绑定:指在对象申明的时候就和他的类型建立了关联
晚绑定:是指我们的代码在运行时再检查对象是否提供了我们所需要的方法和属性
http://bbs.chinajavaworld.com/thread.jspa?threadID=636061&start=0&tstart=0
这是个很有趣的讨论。里有对本文第二个程序的讨论。
不过,里面写的那个接口的程序有点问题,我整理了一下,并作了注解:
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