SpringBoot05 数据操作04 -> JPA实体类注解、springboot测试类、lombok的使用

前提准备:

  搭建一个springboot项目,详情请参见其它博客:点击前往

   

1 引入相关依赖

  web、mysql、jpa、lombok

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>cn.xiangxu</groupId>
    <artifactId>springboottest</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>springboottest</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!--工具相关-->
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.projectlombok/lombok -->
        <!--<dependency>-->
            <!--<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>-->
            <!--<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>-->
        <!--</dependency>-->
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>


</project>
pom.xml

 

2 创建数据库表并利用工具生成实体类

  详情参见其它博客:点击前往

package cn.xiangxu.springboottest.model;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table(name = "girl")
public class GirlModel {
    @Id
    private Integer girlId;

    private Integer age;

    private String name;

    public Integer getGirlId() {
        return girlId;
    }

    public void setGirlId(Integer girlId) {
        this.girlId = girlId;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name == null ? null : name.trim();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "GirlModel{" +
                "girlId=" + girlId +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
View Code

  2.1 JPA

    JPA是Java Persistence API的简称,中文名Java持久层API,是JDK 5.0注解或XML描述对象-关系表的映射关系,并将运行期的实体对象持久化到数据库中

    特点01:支持利用注解的形式实现实体类和数据库表之间的映射关系,框架会根据这个关系将实体对象持久化到数据库中

    特点02:JPA已经提供了一些基本的数据操作API,开发者无需写任何代码就可以实现单表的CRUD

    特点03:面向对象进行数据操作而不是面向数据库查询语言进行数据库操作

    百度百科:点击前往

  2.2 JPA相关的实体注解

    2.2.1 @Entity

      标记在类上,作为实体类的标识;有了这个注解后spring容器会自动对这个实体类进行扫描

      技巧01:可以指定名称,例如 -> @Entity(name = "girl")

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Documented
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Entity {
    String name() default "";
}
源码
    2.2.2 @Table

      当数据库中的表和实体类的类名不一致时需要用到这个注解

      技巧01:数据库表明如果是 test_girl 实体类名是 TestGirl 时就认为数据库表名和实体类名是一致的

      技巧02:指定数据库表名名称,例如 -> @Table(name = "girl")

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Table {
    String name() default "";

    String catalog() default "";

    String schema() default "";

    UniqueConstraint[] uniqueConstraints() default {};

    Index[] indexes() default {};
}
View Code
    2.2.3 @Id

      标记在实体类的字段上,指明哪个字段是数据表对应的主键

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Id {
}
View Code
    2.2.4 @GeneratedValue

      标记在主键字段上,用于指定主键值的生成策略

      技巧01:@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO) 也是默认策略, 即写成@GeneratedValue也可; 类似于hibernate的native策略,生成方式取决于底层的数据库。 
      技巧02:@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)指定“自动增长”策略,适用于MySQL; 
      技巧03:@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator = “seq_tbl_person”)指定“序列”策略,常用于Oracle,其中generator表示生成器的名字。而且还要指定@SequenceGenerator(name = “seq_tbl_person”, sequenceName = “seq_tbl_person”, allocationSize = 1)注解配合使用 
其中name指定生成器的名字(与generator的值一样),sequenceName指定数据库中定义序列的名字,allocationSize指定序列每次增长1

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface GeneratedValue {
    GenerationType strategy() default GenerationType.AUTO;

    String generator() default "";
}
View Code
    2.2.5 @Column

      标记在属性上,用于指定一些约束或者解决属性名和字段名的不一致问题;该注解有以下属性:

        name:指定数据库表中的字段名称,当实体类的属性名称和数据库表的字段名称不一致时需要使用;但是利用工具生成的实体类一般不需要这个属性

        unique:字段唯一约束,默认为false

        nullable:字段非空约束,默认为true

        insertable:该字段是否支持插入操作,默认为true

        updatable:该字段是否支持更新操作,默认为true

        columnDefinition:指明该字段在数据库中的类型,一般的类型在数据库中使用相应的类型进行对应的,但是Date类型需要指定,因为在数据库中有DATE,TIME两种类型

        length:指定该属性的长度,仅对string类型的属性有效

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Column {
    String name() default "";

    boolean unique() default false;

    boolean nullable() default true;

    boolean insertable() default true;

    boolean updatable() default true;

    String columnDefinition() default "";

    String table() default "";

    int length() default 255;

    int precision() default 0;

    int scale() default 0;
}
View Code
    2.2.6 @OrderBy

      加载数据时指定顺序

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OrderBy {
    String value() default "";
}
View Code
    2.2.7 @Transient

      指定该属性不是数据库表的映射字段

      技巧01:如果一个属性并非数据库表的字段映射。就务必将其标示为@Transient。否则。ORM框架默认其注解为@Basic

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Transient {
}
View Code
    2.2.8 @OneToOne

      描述一对一关联

      待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToOne {
    Class targetEntity() default void.class;

    CascadeType[] cascade() default {};

    FetchType fetch() default FetchType.EAGER;

    boolean optional() default true;

    String mappedBy() default "";

    boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
View Code
    2.2.9 @ManyToOne

      描述多对一关联

      待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ManyToMany {
    Class targetEntity() default void.class;

    CascadeType[] cascade() default {};

    FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY;

    String mappedBy() default "";
}
View Code
    2.2.10 @OneToMany

      描述一对多关联 待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToMany {
    Class targetEntity() default void.class;

    CascadeType[] cascade() default {};

    FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY;

    String mappedBy() default "";

    boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
View Code
    2.2.11 @ManyToMany

      描述多对多关联 待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface OneToMany {
    Class targetEntity() default void.class;

    CascadeType[] cascade() default {};

    FetchType fetch() default FetchType.LAZY;

    String mappedBy() default "";

    boolean orphanRemoval() default false;
}
View Code
    2.2.12 @JoinColumn

      待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface JoinColumn {
    String name() default "";

    String referencedColumnName() default "";

    boolean unique() default false;

    boolean nullable() default true;

    boolean insertable() default true;

    boolean updatable() default true;

    String columnDefinition() default "";

    String table() default "";

    ForeignKey foreignKey() default @ForeignKey;
}
View Code
    2.2.13 @MappedSuperclass

      待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Documented
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface MappedSuperclass {
}
View Code
    2.2.14 @Embedded

      待更新...2018年1月2日10:54:18

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package javax.persistence;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Embedded {
}
View Code

    参考文档:点击前往

 

3 编写持久层接口

  请参见其他博客:点击前往

   技巧01:必须进行数据库链接配置,因为我们导入了数据库连接的相关依赖,springboot项目的@EnableAutoConfiguration注解会自动根据依赖进行自动配置,如果找不到连接信息就会抛出异常

4 编写测试类

  右键 -> go to -> test

  ctrl + shift + t

  技巧01:在测试类上添加 @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) 和 @SpringBootTest

  技巧02:可在测试类中依赖注入容器中的bean,具体的测试方法和junit一样

package cn.xiangxu.springboottest.dao;

import cn.xiangxu.springboottest.model.GirlModel;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import javax.annotation.Resource;

import java.util.List;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class GirlDaoTest {

    @Resource
    private GirlDao girlDao;

    @Test
    public void test01() {
        System.out.println("测试方法");
        Assert.assertNotEquals(3, 4);
    }

    @Test
    public void findAll() {
        List<GirlModel> girlModelList = girlDao.findAll();
        System.out.println(girlModelList);
        for (GirlModel girlModel : girlModelList) {
            System.out.println(girlModel);
        }
    }



}
View Code

  

 

5 lombok的使用

  lombok是一个工具,导入lombok的依赖后就可以利用注解来代替一些简单的代码 

  5.1 使用lombok的坑

    在使用了 lombok 注解,并且导入相关jar包后,通过IDEA运行时会出错;因为lombok会在项目进行打包时自动给添加了lombok注解的地方添加相应的代码,但是我们通过IDEA运行springboot项目时还未进行打包操作,所以会报错;通常的做法是在IDEA中安装一个插件

    安装插件的教程:点击前往

  5.2 lombok提供了很多的注解,三少常用的注解如下:

    @Data -> 标注在实体类上回自动生成equals()、hashCode()、toString()、get方法、set方法【实体类神器注解】  

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package lombok;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Data {
    String staticConstructor() default "";
}
View Code

    @Getter -> 仅仅生成get方法

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package lombok;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Getter {
    AccessLevel value() default AccessLevel.PUBLIC;

    Getter.AnyAnnotation[] onMethod() default {};

    boolean lazy() default false;

    /** @deprecated */
    @Deprecated
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    @Target({})
    public @interface AnyAnnotation {
    }
}
View Code

    @Setter -> 仅仅生成set方法

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package lombok;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Setter {
    AccessLevel value() default AccessLevel.PUBLIC;

    Setter.AnyAnnotation[] onMethod() default {};

    Setter.AnyAnnotation[] onParam() default {};

    /** @deprecated */
    @Deprecated
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    @Target({})
    public @interface AnyAnnotation {
    }
}
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    @Slf4j -> 日志对象

      具体用法请参见博客:点击前往  

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package lombok.extern.slf4j;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface Slf4j {
    String topic() default "";
}
View Code

    其他注解请参见:官网博客

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/NeverCtrl-C/p/8176353.html

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