echo 用法 echo加不加双引号都是一样的效果 #!/bin/bash #this script display the date and who's login on echo "the time and date are:" date echo let's see who's login the system: who #!/bin/bash #this script display the date and who's login on echo -n "the time and date are:" date echo -n "let's see who's login the system:" who 变量赋值 #!/bin/bash #testing variables days=10 guest="kaite" echo "$guest checked in $days ago" days=5 guest="jessica" echo "$guest checked in $days ago" $ echo "the cost of the item is $15" #!/bin/bash varue1=10 varue2=$varue1 echo "the costing is $varue2" #!/bin/bash varue1=10 varue2=$varue1 echo "the costing is $varue1" #!/bin/bash varue1=10 varue2=varue1 echo "the costing is $varue2" the costing is varue1 反引号： $ testing=`date` $ echo $testing 2017年05月11日 周四 下午 4:17:06 #!/bin/bash #use the backtick character testing=`date` echo "the date and time is $testing " $ sh a.sh the date and time is 2017年05月11日 周四 下午 4:25:13 #!/bin/bash #copy the /usr/bin directory listing to log file today=`date +%y%m%d` -- +号要紧挨着后面 ls /usr/bin -al > log.$today --在当前目录下产生个文件 输出重定向 $ command > outpoutfile $ date > b.file $ ls -l > b.file $ date > test6 -----会自动创建文件 追加 $ who >> test6 输入重定向 $ wc < test6 1 4 41 ----文本行数，词数，字节数 $ wc << EOF text string 1 test string 2 test string 3 EOF 3 9 42 管道 ：某个命令的输出作为另一个命令的输入 $ cat test6 > rpm.list $ ls < rpm.list a.sh b.file rpm.list test6 数学运算 1、expr 基本不能用 $ expr 1 + 5 -------加好两边要分开,等于号两边要紧挨着 这和python不一样 6 $ expr 2 * 5 expr: 语法错误 $ expr 2 \* 5 --------反斜杠可以识别shell不能识别的错误 10 2、方括号 使用方括号 ---$+[]和赋值加echo结合构成运算 $ var1=$[1+5] $ echo $var 6 var2=$[$var2+3] echo $var2 13 var1=10 var2=20 var3=30 var4=$[$var2*(var1+var3)] echo "the resoult is" $var4 只支持整数运算 #!/bin/bash var1=30 var2=20 var3=$[$var1 /$var2] echo $var3 $ sh a.sh 1 bc计算器 命令hang输入bc #!/bin/bash variable=`echo "options;expression" | bc` #!/bin/bash var1=`echo "scale=4;3.14 / 5 |bc"` echo the answer is $var1 #!/bin/bash #testing the exist status var1=10 var2=30 var3=$[$var1+$var2] echo the answer is $var3 exit 5 echo $? 退出状态码最大值是255 #!/bin/bash #testing the exit status var1=10 var2=30 var3=$[$var1+$var2] exit $var3 $ echo $? 40 #!/bin/bash #testing the exit status var1=10 var2=30 var3=$[$var1*$var2] exit $var3 $ echo $? 44 结构化命令 if-then if command then commands fi #!/bin/bash if date then echo "it works" fi #!/bin/bash #testing multiple commands in the then section testuser=rich if grep $testuer /etc/passwd then echo the bash files for user $testuser are: ls -a /home/$testuser/ .b* fi if-then-else if commands then commands else commands fi if-then-elif test test condtion if [] ----------if [ 数字 ] ---注意格式，要分开。 then commands 作用：1.数字比较 2、字符串比较 3、文件比较 #!/bin/bash #using numeric test comparisons var1=10 var2=20 if [ $var1 -gt 5 ] then echo "$var1 is greater then 5" fi #!/bin/bash #using numeric test comparisons var1=10 var2=20 if [ $var1 -eq $var2 ] then echo "$var1 is eq $var2" else echo "$var1 is not eq $var2" fi #!/bin/bash #testing string equality testuser=rich if [ $USER -eq $testuer ] then echo"the string is eqiality" 大于号当成了输出重定向 #!/bin/bash #mid-using string comparitions var11=basuely var2=rich if [ $var11 > $var12 ] then echo "$var11 is greater $var12" else echo "$var11 is less then $var12" fi $ ls -l rich -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 0 五月 13 16:30 rich #!/bin/bash #mid-using string comparitions var11=basuely var2=rich if [ $var11 \> $var12 ] then echo "$var11 is greater $var12" else echo "$var11 is less then $var12" fi -n -z检验是否含有数据 #!/bin/bash var1=testing var2='' if [ -n $var1 ] then echo "the testing is not null" else echo "the tesing is null" fi #!/bin/bash var1=testing var2='' if [ -z $var1 ] then echo "the testing is not null" else echo "the tesing is null" fi 文件比较 检查目录 #!/bin/bash if [ -d $usr ] then echo "the dictionary is exists" cd $usr ls -a else echo "the dictionary is not exists" fi 判断文件是否为空 #!/bin/bash #testing the file exists and if have data file=testing15 touch $file if [ -s $file ] then echo "the $file is not empty and have data" else echo "the $file is empoty" fi date > $file if [ -s $file ] then echo "the $file is exist and have data" else echo "the file is not exist" fi 判断文件是否可写 #!/bin/ #test the file if or not writerable logfile=$HOME/testing15 touch $logfile chmod u-w $logfile time=`date +%y%m%d-%M%H` if [ -w $logfile ] then echo "the program is running in $time" > $logfile echo "the first testing is succeed" else echo "the first testing is fail" fi chmod u+w $logfile if [ -w $logfile ] then echo "the program is running in $time" > $logfile echo "the second testing is succeed" else echo "the second testing is fail" fi 检查属组 #!/bin/bash #testing the file'group if [ -g $home/testing ] then echo "you have the group" else echo "you not have the group" fi 比较文件如期 #!/bin/bash if [ -test18 -nt test19 ] then echo "the test18 is newer then test19" else echo "the test9 is newer then test18" fi #!/bin/bash if [ -test18 -nt test19 ] then echo "the test18 is newer then test19" else echo "the test19 is newer then test18" fi if [ -test18 -ot test20 ] then echo "the test18 is ower then test20" else echo "the test20 is ower then test18" fi 布尔运算符 #!/bin/bash if [ -d $home ] && [ -w $home/testing ] then echo "the file exist and can write" else "can not writing" fi 使用双尖括号 #!/bin/bash var1=10 if (( $var1 ** 2 > 90 )) then (( var2=$var1 ** 2 )) echo "the square of $var1 is $var2" fi 双方括号，匹配模式。 #!/bin/bash if [[ $user == r* ]] then echo "hello $user" else echo "no have user" fi case用法 #!/bin/bash #using the case case $user in fich | barbara) echo "hello " echo "please enjoy it";; testing) echo "hello testing";; jessica) echo "hello jessica";; esac for循环 #!/bin/bash for test in china american canda do echo "the state in $test" done #!/bin/bash for test in one tow three fore do echo "we will go $test" done #!/bin/bash for test in one tow three four "file +teen" "green blue" do echo "we will go $test" done 通过遍历来打印数据 #!/bin/bash list="alabama alaska arizona" list=$list" china" for test in $list do echo "have you been to $test" done 从命令中读取--反引号使用 #!/bin/bash file=status for statu in `cat $file` do echo "welcome to $statu" done china ues american cnada $ sh a.sh welcome to china welcome to ues welcome to american welcome to cnada 更改字段分隔符 #!/bin/bash file=status IFS=$'\n' for statu in `cat $file` do echo "welcome to $statu" done $ sh a.sh welcome to china ues welcome to american welcome to cnada 用通配符读取目录 #!/bin/bash for file in /etc/* do if [ -d "$file" ] then echo "$file is a dictionary" elif [ -f $file ] then echo "$file is a file" fi done C语言的for命令 #!/bin/bash for (( i=1; i<=10; i++ )) do echo "the next number is $i" done 使用多个变量 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1, b=10; a<=10; a++,b-- )) do echo "the next number is $a-$b" done #!/bin/bash for (( a=1, b=10; a<=10,b<=20; a++,b++ )) do echo "the next number is $a-$b" done while基本格式 自身减一 #!/bin/bash var1=10 while [ $var1 -gt 0 ] ---测试如果大于0 do echo $var1 var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ] done 使用多个测试命令 #!/bin/bash var1=10 while echo $var1 [ $var1 -gt 0 ] do echo "this is inside the loop" var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ] -----一定要带$号，等于号一定要紧挨着 done until 命令 #!/bin/bash var1=100 until [ $var1 -eq 0 ] do echo $var1 var1=$[ $var1-25 ] done until多个测试命令 #!/bin/bash var1=100 until echo $var1 [ $var1 -eq 0 ] do echo "inside the loop $var1" var1=$[ $var1 -25 ] done 嵌套循环 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1; a<=3; a++ )) do echo "string $a" for (( b=1; b<=3; b++ )) do echo "the inside is $b" done done 只要是中括号都得带 $ 这就是规定 #!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash var1=5 while [ $var1 -ge 0 ] do echo "ouiter value is $var1" for (( var2=1; var2<=3; var2++ )) do var3=$[ $var1 * $var2 ] echo "$var1 * $var2 = $var3" done var1=$[ $var1-1 ] done 跳出循环 #!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash for var1 in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 do if [ $var1 -eq 5 ] then break fi echo "the literation is $var1" done echo "the loop is complete" 跳出单个循环 #!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash var1=1 while [ $var1 -le 10 ] do if [ $var1 -eq 5 ] then break fi echo "the literation is $var1" var1=$[$var1 + 1 ] done 跳出内部循环--先命令，再条件 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1; a<=5; a++ )) do echo "outer $a" for (( b=1; b<=100; b++ )) do echo "inter $b" if [ $b -eq 3 ] then break fi done done 跳出外部循环 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1; a<=5; a++ )) do echo "outer $a" for (( b=1; b<=100; b++ )) do echo "inter $b" if [ $b -eq 3 ] then break 2 fi done done continue命令 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1; a<=15; a++ )) do if [ $a -gt 5 ] && [ $a -lt 10 ] then continue fi echo "inter loop $a" done while+continue 出问题 必须用 sh a.sh | more 才会停止 #!/bin/bash var1=0 while echo "the literation $var1" [ $var1 -lt 15 ] do if [ $var1 -gt 5 ]&& [ $var1 -lt 10 ] then continue fi var1=$[$var1+1] done $ sh a.sh | more 用continue跳出指定内部循环 #!/bin/bash for (( a=1; a<=5; a++ )) do echo "outer loop $a" for (( b=1; b<=3; b++ )) do if [ $a -gt 3 ]&&[ $a -lt 5 ] then continue 2 fi var3=$[ $a*$b ] echo "the resoult $var3=$a*$b" done done 处理循环的输出 #!/bin/bash for file in /etc/* do if [ -d "$file" ] then echo "the $file is a dictionary" else echo "the $file is a file" fi done > output.txt #!/bin/bash for(( a=1; a<=8; a++ )) do echo "the number is $a" done > test23.txt echo "the commend is finished" #!/bin/bash for state in china american canda do echo "$state is our visit" done | sort echo "the command is finished" 读取参数 #!/bin/bash factor=1 for (( number=1; number<=$1; number++ )) do factor=$[ $factor*$number ] done echo "the factor of $number is $factor" sh a.sh 5 | more 读取参数 #!/bin/bash total=$1*$2 echo "the number1=$1" echo "the number1=$2" echo "the total is $total" #!/bin/bash echo "hello $1 glad to meet you" $ sh a.sh rich #!/bin/bash total=$[ ${10} * ${11} ] echo "the number1 is ${10}" echo "the number2 is ${11}" echo "the total is $total" $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 the number1 is 10 the number2 is 11 读取程序名 #!/bin/bash echo the command entry is $0 $ sh a.sh the command entry is a.sh #!/bin/bash name=`basename $0` echo the entry is :$name #!/bin/bash name=`basename $0` if [ $name = "a.sh" ] then var3=$[ $1 + $2 ] elif [ $name = "b.sh" ] then var3=$[ $1*$2 ] fi echo $var3 $ cp a.sh b.sh $ sh a.sh 2 5 7 $ sh b.sh 2 5 10 特殊变量 #!/bin/bash echo there were $# apples $ sh a.sh there were 0 apples $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 there were 3 apples #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ] ne ： 不等于 then echo the usage :a b else var3=$[$1 + $2 ] fi echo $var3 $ sh a.sh the usage :a b $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 #!/bin/bash parms=$# echo the last parmeter is $parms echo the last parmeter is ${!#} $ sh a.sh the last parmeter is 0 the last parmeter is $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 the last parmeter is 3 the last parmeter is 抓取所有的数据 #!/bin/bash echo "using the \$* method:$*" echo "using the \$@ method:$@" $ sh a.sh china cnada american using the $* method:china cnada american using the $@ method:china cnada american #!/bin/bash count=1 for param in $# do echo "\$# the#$count = $param" count=$[ $count+1 ] done #!/bin/bash count=1 for param in $@ do echo "\$# the#$count = $param" count=$[ $count+1 ] done $ sh a.sh china american cadna $# the#1 = 3 $# the#1 = china $# the#2 = american $# the#3 = cadna 移动变量 #!/bin/bash count=1 while [ -n "$1" ] -n str ：字符串不为空 do echo "the #$count = $1" count=$[ $count +1 ] shift done Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ sh a.sh china american cadna the #1 = china the #2 = american the #3 = cadna #!/bin/bash echo "there is orinal parmaters is $*" shift 2 echo "the new parmaters is $1" Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 4 5 there is orinal parmaters is 1 2 3 4 5 the new parmaters is 3 #!/bin/bash echo "there is orinal parmaters is $*" shift 2 echo "the new parmaters is $2" $ sh a.sh 1 2 3 4 5 there is orinal parmaters is 1 2 3 4 5 the new parmaters is 4 #!/bin/bash while [ -n "$1" ] do case "$1" in -a) echo "found the -a is option" ;; -b) echo "found the -b is option" ;; -c) echo "found the -c is option" ;; *) echo "found the $1 is not option" ;; esac shift done $ sh a.sh -a -b -c -d found the -a is option found the -b is option found the -c is option found the -d is not option $ sh a.sh -d -c -a found the -d is not option found the -c is option found the -a is option $ sh a.sh -a -b -c -k found the -a is option found the -b is option found the -c is option found the -k is not option #!/bin/bash while [ -n "$1" ] do case "$1" in -a) echo "found the -a is option" ;; -b) echo "found the -b is option" ;; -c) echo "found the -c is option" ;; -d) echo "found the -d is not option" ;; esac shift done $ sh a.sh -a -b -c -d found the -a is option found the -b is option found the -c is option found the -d is not option #!/bin/bash read -p "are you done now ?" answer case $answer in Y | y)echo echo "goodbye";; N | n)echo echo sorry,this is end;; esac echo "this is the end of the script" $ sh a.sh are you done now ?y goodbye this is the end of the script 分离参数和选项 #!/bin/bash while [ -n "$1" ] do case "$1" in -a) echo "found the -a is option" ;; -b) echo "found the -b is option" ;; -c) echo "found the -c is option" ;; --)shift break ;; *) echo "$1 is not a option" esac shift done count=1 for param in $@ do echo "parmeter #$count: $param" count=$[ $count + 1 ] done $ sh a.sh -c -a -b test1 test2 test3 found the -c is option found the -a is option found the -b is option test1 is not a option test2 is not a option test3 is not a option $ sh a.sh -c -a -b -- test1 test2 test3 found the -c is option found the -a is option found the -b is option parmeter #1: test1 parmeter #2: test2 parmeter #3: test3 处理带值的选项 while [ -n "$1" ] do case "$1" in -a) echo "found the -a is option" ;; -b) param="$2" echo "found the -b option,with the parameter value $param" shift 2;; -c) echo "found the -c is option" ;; --) shift break ;; *) echo "$1 is not a option" esac shift done count=1 for parmeter in $@ do echo "parmeter #$count: $param" $ sh a.sh -c -a -b test1 test2 test3 found the -c is option found the -a is option found the -b option,with the parameter value test1 test3 is not a option 使用optget命令 $ getopt ab:cd -a -b test1 -cd test2 test3 -a -b test1 -c -d -- test2 test3 错误 $ getopt ab:cd -a -b test1 -cde test2 test3 getopt: unknown option -- e -a -b test1 -c -d -- test2 test3 忽略错误 $ getopt -q ab:cd -a -b test1 -cde test2 test3 -a -b 'test1' -c -d -- 'test2' 'test3' optgets 使用 #!/bin/bash while getopts :ab:c opt do case "$opt" in a) echo "found the -a option";; b) echo "found the -b option,with value $optarg";; c) echo "found the -c option";; *) echo "unknown option $opt";; esac done $ sh a.sh -ab test1 -c found the -a option found the -b option,with value found the -c option $ sh a.sh -b "test1 test2" -a found the -b option,with value found the -a option $ sh a.sh -d unknown option ? $ sh a.sh -acde found the -a option found the -c option unknown option ? unknown option ? #!/bin/bash while getopts :ab:cd opt do case "$opt" in a) echo "found the -a option";; b) echo "found the -b option,with value $OPTARG";; c) echo "fouind the -c option";; d) echo "found the -d option";; *) echo "unknown option $opt";; esac done shift $[ $OPTIND -1 ] count=1 for param in "$@" do echo "parameter $count:$param" count=$[ $count + 1 ] done $ sh a.sh -a -b test1 -d test1 test2 test3 found the -a option found the -b option,with value test1 found the -d option parameter 1:test1 parameter 2:test2 parameter 3:test3 基本的读取： #!/bin/bash echo -n "enter your name:" read name echo "hello $name ,welcome to my program" $ sh a.sh -a -b test1 -d test1 test2 test3 enter your name:nice hello nice ,welcome to my program #!/bin/bash read -p "pliase enter your age:" age days=$[ $age * 365 ] echo "that makes you over $days days old!" $ sh a.sh pliase enter your age:20 that makes you over 7300 days old! #!/bin/bash read -p "please enter your name:" first last echo "checking data for $last $first" $ sh a.sh please enter your name:join checking data for join #!/bin/bash read -p "enter a number:" factorial=1 factorial因子的，阶乘的; 阶乘积，阶乘 for (( count=1; count <= $REPLY; count++ )) do factorial=$[ $factorial * $count ] done echo "the factorial of $REPLY is $factorial" $ sh a.sh enter a number:5 the factorial of 5 is 120 对5进行阶乘得到的结果。这就是个阶乘公式，记住就行 超时 #!/bin/bash if read -t 5 -p "please ener your name:" then echo "hello $name.welcometo my script" else echo echo "sorry too slow" fi #!/bin/bash read -n1 -p "do you want to continue [Y/N]?" answer case $answer in Y | y)echo echo "fine.continue on...";; N | n)echo echo ok,goodbye exit;; esac echo "this is the end of the script" $ sh a.sh do you want to continue [Y/N]?y fine.continue on... this is the end of the script 隐藏方式读取 #!/bin/bash read -s -p "entr your password": pass ------pass和：之间有空格 echo echo "is your password really $pass?" $ sh a.sh entr your password: is your password really ddd? #!/bin/bash read -s -p "entr your password": pass echo "is your password really $pass?" $ sh a.sh entr your password:is your password really ff? 从文件中读取 #!/bin/bash count=1 cat test | while read line do echo "line $count: $line" count=$[ $count +1 ] done echo "finish prossing the file" $ sh a.sh line 1: nihao line 2: nice to meet you line 3: how are you finish prossing the file 错误重定向 $ ls -al file 2> test 重定向错误和数据 $ ls -al test2 test3 file 2> test1 1> test4 $ cat test1 ls: 无法访问'file': No such file or directory $ cat test4 -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4 六月 2 11:17 test2 -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 0 六月 2 11:16 test3 STDERR 和 STDOUT 的输出重定向到一个文件里 $ ls -al test2 test3 file &> test5 $ cat test5 ls: 无法访问'file': No such file or directory -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4 六月 2 11:17 test2 -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 0 六月 2 11:16 test3 临时重定向 #!/bin/bash echo "this is an error" >&2 echo "this is normal output" $ sh a.sh this is an error this is normal output $ sh a.sh 2>test5 this is normal output 永久重定向+大量数据重定量 #!/bin/bash exec 1>testout echo "this is a test of rediecting all output" echo "from a script to another file" echo "without having to redirect every individal line" $ cat testout this is a test of rediecting all output from a script to another file without having to redirect every individal line #!/bin/bash exec 2>testerror echo "this is the start of the script" echo "now reding all output to another location" exec 1>testout echo "this output should go to the testout file" echo "but this should go to the testerror file" >&2 $ sh a.sh this is the start of the script now reding all output to another location $ cat testerror but this should go to the testerror file $ cat testout this output should go to the testout file #!/bin/bash exec 1>testerror echo "this is the start of the script" echo "now reding all output to another location" exec 2>testout echo "this output should go to the testout file" echo "but this should go to the testerror file" >&2 $ cat testerror this is the start of the script now reding all output to another location this output should go to the testout file #!/bin/bash exec 1>testerror echo "this is the start of the script" echo "now reding all output to another location" exec 2>testout echo "this output should go to the testout file" echo "but this should go to the testerror file" $ cat testerror this is the start of the script now reding all output to another location this output should go to the testout file but this should go to the testerror file 在脚本中重定向输入 #!/bin/bash exec 0< testfile count=1 while read line do echo "line #count: $line" count=$[ $count + 1 ] done $ sh a.sh line #count: this is first line #count: this is second line #count: this is third 将多行输入到文本里--重定向文件描述符 #!/bin/bash exec 3>&1 exec 1>test14out echo "this should store in the output file" echo "along with this line" exec 1>&3 echo "now things should be back to normal" $ sh a.sh now things should be back to normal $ cat test14out this should store in the output file along with this line 创建输入文件描述符 #!/bin/bash exec 6<&0 exec 0<testfile count=1 while read line do echo "line$count:$line" count=$[ $count + 1 ] done exec 0<&6 read -n1 -p "are you done now [Y/N]?" answer case $answer in Y | y)echo echo "goodbye";; N | n)echo echo sorry,this is end;; esac echo "this is the end of the script" $ sh a.sh line1:this is first line2:this is second line3:this is third are you done now [Y/N]?n sorry,this is end this is the end of the script 关闭文件描述附 #!/bin/bash exec 3> test17file echo "this is a test line of data" >&3 exec 3>&- echo "this won't work" >&3 $ sh a.sh a.sh:行8: 3: Bad file descriptor ----报错 #!/bin/bash exec 3> test17file echo "this is a test line of data" >&3 exec 3>&- cat test17file 重新打开文件后就会重新执行命令。 exec 3> test17file echo "this'll be bad" >&3 $ sh a.sh this is a test line of data $ cat test17file this'll be bad 列出打开的文件描述符 $ lsof -a -p $$ -d 0.1.2 linu中可以 -bash: lsof: 未找到命令 $ /usr/sbin/lsof -a -p $$ -d 0.1.2 -bash: /usr/sbin/lsof: No such file or directory #!/bin/bash exec 3> test18file1 exec 6> test18file2 exec 7> testfile /usr/sbin/losf -a -p $$ -d0.1.2.3.6.7 阻止命令输出 $ ls -al > /dev/null 创建本地临时文件 $ mktemp testing.XXXXXX ---要大写 testing.8bFiL8 #!/bin/bash tempfile=`mktemp test19.XXXXXX` exec 3>$tempfile echo "this script writes to temp file $tempfile" echo "this is the first line" >&3 echo "this is the second line" >&3 echo "this is the third line" >&3 exec 3>&- echo "done creating temp file. the contents are:" cat $tempfile rm -f $tempfile 2> /dev/null $ sh a.sh this script writes to temp file test19.0fqEwP done creating temp file. the contents are: this is the first line this is the second line this is the third line 在/tmp目录创建临时文件 $ mktemp -t test.XXXXXX /tmp/test.IOH8Lo #!/bin/bash tempfile=`mktemp -t test.XXXXXX` echo "this is a test file:" > $tempfile echo "this is the second line of the fiel" >> $tempfile echo "the temp file is located at : $tempfile" cat $tempfile rm -rf $tempfile $ sh a.sh the temp file is located at : /tmp/test.uJIoFD this is a test file: this is the second line of the fiel 创建临时目录 #!/bin/bash tempdir=`mktemp -d dir.XXXXXX` cd $tempdir tempfile1=`mktemp temp.XXXXXX` tempfile2=`mktemp temp.XXXXXX` exec 7> $tempfile1 exec 8> $tempfile2 echo "seding data to the $tempdir" echo "this is a test line of the $tempfile1" >&7 echo "this is a test line of the $tempfile2" >&8 $ sh a.sh seding data to the dir.vvoPv0 $ ls -al drwx------+ 1 Administrator None 0 六月 2 21:35 dir.vvoPv0 $ cd dir.vvoPv0/ $ ls temp.aO0TU9 temp.We0nBw $ cat temp.aO0TU9 this is a test line of the temp.aO0TU9 记录消息 tee filename ---既显示输出，又保存到文件里 $ date | tee fielname 2017年06月 2日 周五 下午 9:45:02 $ who | tee fielname 会覆盖 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~/dir.vvoPv0 $ date | tee -a fielname 追加 2017年06月 2日 周五 下午 9:49:01 $ cat fielname 2017年06月 2日 周五 下午 9:49:01 #!/bin/bash tempfile=test22file echo "this is the start of the test" | tee $tempfile echo "this is the second of the test" | tee -a $tempfile echo "this is the third of the test" | tee -a $tempfile $ sh a.sh this is the start of the test this is the second of the test this is the third of the test 控制脚本 产生信号 $ sleep 100 [1]+ 已停止 sleep 100 $ ps PID PPID PGID WINPID TTY UID STIME COMMAND 2052 3484 2052 6016 pty0 197108 20:37:14 /usr/bin/bash S 7536 2052 7536 5432 pty0 197108 10:39:47 /usr/bin/sleep 3484 1 3484 3484 ? 197108 20:37:12 /usr/bin/mintty 4508 2052 4508 7724 pty0 197108 10:40:20 /usr/bin/ps 捕捉信号 trap command signals #!/bin/bash trap "echo 'sorry! I have trapped ctrl-c'" SIGINT SIGTERM echo this is a test program count=1 while [ $count -le 10 ] do echo "loop #$count" sleep 5 count=$[ $count + 1 ] done echo this is the end of the test program $ sh a.sh this is a test program loop #1 loop #2 loop #3 sorry! I have trapped ctrl-c loop #4 loop #5 loop #6 loop #7 loop #8 loop #9 loop #10 this is the end of the test program 捕捉脚本的退出 #!/bin/bash trap "echo byebye" EXIT echo this is a test program count=1 while [ $count -le 5 ] do echo "loop #$count" sleep 3 count=$[ $count + 1 ] done echo this is the end of the test program $ sh a.sh this is a test program loop #1 loop #2 loop #3 loop #4 loop #5 this is the end of the test program byebye 移除捕捉 但是在脚本执行中移除 就会接受信号。 #!/bin/bash #removing a test trap trap "echo byebye" EXIT count=1 while [ $count -le 5 ] do echo "loop #$count" sleep 3 count=$[ $count + 1 ] done trap - EXIT echo "I just removed the trap" $ sh a.sh loop #1 loop #2 loop #3 loop #4 loop #5 I just removed the trap $ sh a.sh loop #1 byebye 后台运行脚本 $ sh a.sh & [2] 2600 运行多个后台作业 在非控制台下运行脚本 $ nohup sh test & [3] 6536 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ nohup: 忽略输入并把输出追加到'nohup.out' $ cat nohup.out loop #1 loop #2 loop #3 loop #4 loop #5 this is a test program loop #1 I just removed the trap loop #2 loop #3 loop #4 loop #5 this is the end of the test program byebye [3]- 已完成 nohup sh test 作业控制 查看作业 --后台运行且结果保存到文本里 #!/bin/bash #testing job control echo "this is a test program $$" count=1 while [ $count -le 10 ] do echo "loop#$count" sleep 5 count=$[ $count + 1 ] done echo "this is end of the test program" $ sh a.sh > test4out & [3] 1236 $ jobs [1]- 已停止 sleep 100 (工作目录: ~/dir.vvoPv0) [2]+ 已停止 sh a.sh [3] 运行中 sh a.sh > test4out & $ jobs [1]- 已停止 sleep 100 (工作目录: ~/dir.vvoPv0) [2]+ 已停止 sh a.sh [3] 已完成 sh a.sh > test4out $ cat test4out this is a test program 1236 loop#1 loop#2 loop#3 loop#4 loop#5 loop#6 loop#7 loop#8 loop#9 loop#10 this is end of the test program 作业终止后重新产生作业号 $ sh a.sh this is a test program 4704 loop#1 [4]+ 已停止 sh a.sh $ sh a.sh this is a test program 4336 loop#1 [3]+ 已停止 sh a.sh $ jobs -l [1] 7536 Stopped sleep 100 (工作目录: ~/dir.vvoPv0) [2] 5096 Stopped sh a.sh [3]- 4336 Stopped sh a.sh [4]+ 4704 Stopped sh a.sh $ kill -9 4704 重启停止的作业 后台重启进程 bg + 2 （作业号） 前台重启进程 fg + 作业号 优先级 -10 --10 -10的优先级最大 nice 命令 调低优先级 $ nice -n 10 sh a.sh > test4out & [4] 8032 $ ps al PID PPID PGID WINPID TTY UID STIME COMMAND S 4336 2052 4336 3456 pty0 197108 11:37:45 /usr/bin/sh 8032 2052 8032 5644 pty0 197108 20:10:33 /usr/bin/sh 2052 3484 2052 6016 pty0 197108 20:37:14 /usr/bin/bash S 7536 2052 7536 5432 pty0 197108 10:39:47 /usr/bin/sleep 3484 1 3484 3484 ? 197108 20:37:12 /usr/bin/mintty 6168 2052 6168 4760 pty0 197108 20:10:55 /usr/bin/ps S 4316 4336 4336 4216 pty0 197108 20:06:15 /usr/bin/sleep 4868 8032 8032 5112 pty0 197108 20:10:50 /usr/bin/sleep 调高优先级 只能是管理员调高 $ nice -n -10 sh a.sh & [5] 4396 [4] 已完成 nice -n 10 sh a.sh > test4out renice 调高正在运行的程序 $ renice -10 -p 1452 1452 (进程 ID) 旧优先级为 0，新优先级为 -10 定时运行作业 at [ -f fielname ] time at -f test5 8:38 列出等待的作业 $$atq 删除作业 atrm 59 计划定期执行脚本 min hour dayfmonth month dayofweek command 每天的10:15运行一个命令 15 10 * * * command 每周一4:15运行命令 15 16 * * 1 command 每个月的第一天中午12点 执行命令 00 12 1 * * command 15 10 * * * /home/rich/test4 > test4out anacronc程序 ：当电脑重启的时候 自动执行 定义自己的开机脚本 各个版本不同 放的位置不一样 ubuntu 在 /etc/rc.local 修改 定了系统后 不同的用户 在 .bashrc 下改动脚本 定义函数 function name { commands } #!/bin/bash function func1 { echo "this is an exanple of a function" } count=1 while [ $count -le 5 ] do func1 count=$[ $count +1 ] done echo "this is the end of the loop" func1 echo "now this is the end of the script" $ sh a.sh this is an exanple of a function this is an exanple of a function this is an exanple of a function this is an exanple of a function this is an exanple of a function this is the end of the loop this is an exanple of a function now this is the end of the script 重新定义函数后 第二个会覆盖原来的函数输出 #!/bin/bash #testing using a duplicate function name function func1 { echo "thie is the first definition of the function name" } func1 function func1 { echo "this is a repeat of the name function name" } func1 echo "this is the end of the scripts" $ sh a.sh thie is the first definition of the function name this is a repeat of the name function name this is the end of the scripts 默认退出状态码：以最后一条命令是否执行成功为准 #!/bin/bash #testing using a duplicate function name func1() { echo "trying to display a non-existent file" ls -l dadfile } echo "testing the function:" func1 echo "the exist status is :$?" $ sh a.sh testing the function: trying to display a non-existent file ls: 无法访问'dadfile': No such file or directory the exist status is :2 倒换最后一个函数位置 #!/bin/bash #testing using a duplicate function name func1() { ls -l dadfile echo "trying to display a non-existent file" } echo "testing the function:" func1 echo "the exist status is :$?" $ sh a.sh testing the function: ls: 无法访问'dadfile': No such file or directory trying to display a non-existent file the exist status is :0 使用return命令 （0-255之间） #!/bin/bash #using the return command in a return function db1 { read -p "enter a value :" value echo "doubling the value" return $[ $value * 2 ] } db1 echo "the new value is $?" $ sh a.sh enter a value :100 doubling the value the new value is 200 $ sh a.sh enter a value :200 doubling the value the new value is 144 使用函数输出 #!/bin/bash #using the ehco to return a value function db1 { read -p "enter a value :" value echo $[ value * 2 ] } result=`db1` echo "the new value is $result" $ sh a.sh enter a value :5 the new value is 10 向函数中传递参数 #!/bin/bash #passing paraneters to a function function addem { if [ $# -eq 0 ] || [ $# -gt 2 ] then echo -1 elif [ $# -eq 1 ] then echo $[ $1 + $1 ] else echo $[ $1 + $2 ] fi } echo -n "adding 10 and 15:" value=`addem 10 15` echo $value echo -n "let's trying juest one number:" value=`addem 10` echo $value echo -n "now trying adding on numbers:" value=`addem` echo $value echo -n "finally,try adding three numbers:" value=`addem 10 15 20` echo $value $ sh a.sh adding 10 and 15:25 let's trying juest one number:20 now trying adding on numbers:-1 finally,try adding three numbers:-1 报错 #!/bin/bash #passing paraneters to a function function badfunc1 { echo $[ $1 * $2 ] } if [ $# -eq 2 ] then value=`badfunc1` echo "the result is $value" else echo "usage:badtest1 a b" fi $ sh a.sh 2 3 a.sh:行5: * : 语法错误: 需要操作数 (错误符号是 "* ") the result is 正确 #!/bin/bash #passing paraneters to a function function func7 { echo $[ $1 * $2 ] } if [ $# -eq 2 ] then value=`func7 $1 $2` echo "the result is $value" else echo "usage:badtest1 a b" fi $ sh a.sh 2 3 the result is 6 在函数中处理变量 #!/bin/bash #using a global variable to pass a value function db1 { value=$[ $value *2 ] } read -p "enter a value:" value db1 echo "the new value is $value" $ sh a.sh enter a value:45 the new value is 90 产生错误 #!/bin/bash #using a global variable to pass a value function func1 { temp=$[ $value + 5 ] result=$[ $temp *2 ] } temp=4 value=6 func1 echo "the result is $result" if [ $temp -gt $value ] then echo "temp is larger" else echo "temp is smaller" fi $ sh a.sh the result is 22 temp is larger 局部变量 local temp local temp=$[ $value +5 ] #!/bin/bash #using a global variable to pass a value function func1 { local temp=$[ $value + 5 ] result=$[ $temp *2 ] } temp=4 value=6 func1 echo "the result is $result" if [ $temp -gt $value ] then echo "temp is larger" else echo "temp is smaller" fi $ sh a.sh the result is 22 temp is smaller 数组函数和变量 1、向函数传递组参数 #!/bin/bash #trying to pass an array varianble function testit { echo "the parameters are:$@" thisarray=$1 echo "the received arrary is ${thisarray[*]}" } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) echo "the original arrary is: ${myarray[*]}" testit $myarrary $ sh a.sh the original arrary is: 1 2 3 4 5 the parameters are: the received arrary is #!/bin/bash #array variable to function test function testit { local newarray newarray=(`echo "$@"`) echo "the new array value is: ${newarray[*]}" } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) echo "the orinagal array is ${myarray[*]}" testit ${myarray[*]} $ sh a.sh the orinagal array is 1 2 3 4 5 the new array value is: 1 2 3 4 5 function testit { local newarray newarray=(`echo "$@"`) echo "the new array value is: ${newarray[*]}" } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) testit ${myarray[*]} $ sh a.sh the new array value is: 1 2 3 4 5 #!/bin/bash #adding values in an array function addarray { local sum=0 local newarray newarray=(`echo "$@"`) for value in ${newarray[*]} do sum=$[ $sum + $value ] done echo $sum } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) echo "the original array is:${myarray[*]}" argl=`echo ${myarray[*]}` result=`addarray $argl` echo "the result is $result" $ sh a.sh the original array is:1 2 3 4 5 the result is 15 #!/bin/bash #adding values in an array function addarray { local sum=0 local newarray newarray=(`echo "$@"`) for value in ${newarray[*]} do sum=$[ $sum + $value ] done echo $sum } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) addarray ${myarray[*] $ sh a.sh 15 从函数返回数组 #!/bin/bash #return an array value function arraydblr { local origarray local newarray local elements local i origarray=(`echo "$@"`) newarray=(`echo "$@"`) elements=$[ $# - 1 ] for (( i = 0; i <= $elements; i++ )) do newarray[$i]=$[ ${origarray[$i]} * 2 ] done echo ${newarray[*]} } myarray=(1 2 3 4 5) echo "the original array is: ${myarray[*]}" argl=`echo ${myarray[*]}` result=(`arraydblr $argl`) echo "the new array is:${result[*]}" $ sh a.sh the original array is: 1 2 3 4 5 the new array is:2 4 6 8 10 函数递归 #!/bin/bash #using recursion function factorial { if [ $1 -eq 1 ] then echo 1 else local temp=$[ $1 -1 ] local result=`factorial $temp` echo $[ $result * $1 ] fi } read -p "enter value:" value result=`factorial $value` echo "the factiral of $value is : $result" $ sh a.sh enter value:5 the factiral of 5 is : 120 创建库 在命令行创建函数 $ function divm { echo $[ $1 / $2 ];} Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ divm 100 5 20 $ function doubleit { read -p "enter calue:" value; echo $[ $value * 2 ]; } $ doubleit enter calue:20 40 $ function multem { > echo $[ $1 * $2 ] > } $ multem 2 5 10 在.bashrc文件中定义函数 图形化脚本工具 初识sed和gwk 在命令行定义编辑器 $ echo "this is a test" | sed 's/test/big test/' this is a big test $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. $ sed 's/dog/cat/' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat. $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. 在命令行使用多个编辑器 $ sed -e 's/brown/green/; s/dog/cat/' data1 the quick green fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green fox jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green fox jumps over the lazy cat. $ sed -e ' s/brown/green/ s/fox/element/ s/dog/cat/' data1 the quick green element jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green element jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green element jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green element jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green element jumps over the lazy cat. 从文件中读取编辑器命令 $ vi script1 s/brown/green/ s/fox/elephant/ s/dog/cat/ $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. $ sed -f script1 data1 the quick green elephant jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green elephant jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green elephant jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green elephant jumps over the lazy cat. the quick green elephant jumps over the lazy cat. gawk程序 $ gawk '{print "hello john!"}' this is a test hello john! hello hello john! this is another test hello john! $ cat data1 one line of test text two lines of tesr text three lines of test text $ gawk '{print $1}' data1 one two three 在程序脚本中使用多个命令 $ echo "my name is rich" | gawk '{$4="christime";print $0}' my name is christime $ gawk '{ > $4="testing" > print $0}' this is not a good test this is not testing good test 从文件中读取数据 $ cat script1 { print $1 "'s home directory is" $6 } $ gawk -F: -f script1 /etc/passwd $ cat script1 { text = "'s home dictionary is" print $1 text $6 } $ gawk -F: -f script1 /etc/passwd 在处理数据前运行脚本 $ gawk 'BEGIN {print "hello world"}' hello world $ gawk 'BEGIN {print "the data1 file contenes:"} {print $0}' data1 the data1 file contenes: one line of test text two lines of tesr text three lines of test text 在处理脚本后运行脚本 $ gawk 'BEGIN {print "the data1 file contenes:"} {print $0} END {print "end of the file"}' data1 the data1 file contenes: one line of test text two lines of tesr text three lines of test text end of the file BEGIN { print "the latest list of users and shells" print "userid shell" print "---------" FS=":" } { print $1 " "$7" } END { print "this concludes the listing" } $ gawk -f script1 /etc/passwd sed编辑器基础 更多的替换选项 替换标记 $ cat data1 this is a test of the test script this is the second test of the test sceript $ sed 's/test/trial/' data1 this is a trial of the test script this is the second trial of the test sceript $ sed 's/test/trial/2' data1 this is a test of the trial script this is the second test of the trial sceript $ sed 's/test/trial/g' data1 this is a trial of the trial script this is the second trial of the trial sceript $ cat test2 this is a test line this is a different line $ sed -n 's/test/trial/p' test2 -n:阻止整个输出，p：只输出被修改的行 this is a trial line $ sed 's/test/trial/w test' test2 this is a trial line this is a different line $ cat test this is a trial line 替换字符 $ sed 's!/bin/bash!/bin/csh' /etc/passwd 使用地址 作用于特定行 数字方式的行寻址 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '2s/dog/cat/' data1 只作用第二行 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '2,3s/dog/cat/' data1 作用2，3行范围 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '2,$s/dog/cat/' data1 作用第二行到末行 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 另一种方式 $ sed '/dog/s/lazy/dog/' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the dog dog the quick brown fox jumps over the dog dog the quick brown fox jumps over the dog dog the quick brown fox jumps over the dog dog 组合命令 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '2{ s/fox/elements/ s/dog/cat/ }' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown elements jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '3,${ 作用 到末行 s/fox/elements/ s/dog/cat/ }' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown elements jumps over the lazy cat the quick brown elements jumps over the lazy cat 删除行 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed 'd' data1 不管用 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ sed '3d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '3d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '2,3d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '3,$d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 $ sed '/dog 1/d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '/dog 2/d' data1 匹配删除--不怎么管用。 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '/1/,/3/d' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 插入和附加文本 $ echo "test line 2" | sed 'i\test line 1' test line 1 test line 2 $ echo "test line 2" | sed 'a\test line 1' test line 2 test line 1 命令行界面输入 $ echo "test line 2" | sed 'i\ > test line 1' test line 1 test line 2 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '3i\ > this is a insert line.' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 this is a insert line. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '3a\ > this is a append line.' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 this is a append line. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '$a\ > this is a new line' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 this is a new line $ sed '1i\ this is a new line' data1 this is a new line the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 修改行 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '3c\ > this is a change line' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 this is a change line the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '/dog 3/c\ 文本模式寻址； this is a change line.' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 this is a change line. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '/dog 1/c\ this is change line.' data1 this is change line. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed '2,3c\ 不是想要的结果 this is change line.' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 this is change line. the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 转换命令 --唯一处理单个字符 $ cat data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed 'y/1234/5678/' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 5 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 6 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 7 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 8 $ echo "this 1 is a test of 1 try" | sed 'y/123/456/' this 4 is a test of 4 try 回顾打印 $ echo "this is a test" | sed 'p' this is a test this is a test $ sed -n '/dog 3/p' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 $ sed -n '2,3p' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 $ sed -n '/3/{ > p > s/dog/cat/p > }' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 打印行号 $ sed '=' data1 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 4 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ sed -n '/dog 3/{ = p }' data1 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 列出行 $ sed -n 'l' data9 this line contains an escape character$ 用sed和文件一起工作 1、向文件写入 $ sed '1,2w test' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4 $ cat test the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 4 $ sed -n '/dog/w test' data1 $ cat test the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 从文件中读取数据 $ cat test the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 $ sed '4r test' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 4 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 $ cat test this is a hot this is a bug $ sed '/dog 2/r test' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 this is a hot this is a bug the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 4 $ sed '$r test' data1 添加到末尾 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 4 this is a hot this is a bug $ sed '4r test' data1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cat 4 this is a hot this is a bug 占位文本 $ cat test blum.ate chicago.il mullen.riley west lafayette.in $ sed '/LIST/{ r test d }' latter would the following people: blum.ate chicago.il mullen.riley west lafayette.in please report to the office. 正则表达式 $ echo "this is line number 1" | sed -n '/ber 1/p' this is line number -- 什么也没有 $ echo "this is line number1" | sed -n '/ber 1/p' 特殊字符 $ sed -n '/\$/p' data2 特殊字符作为文本字符必须转义 the cost is $4.00 $ echo "\ is a special character" | sed -n '/\\/p' 反斜线 \ is a special character $ echo "3 /2 " | sed -n '///p' sed：-e 表达式 #1，字符 3：未知的命令：“/ 斜线需要转义 $ echo "3 / 2" | sed -n '/\//p' 3 / 2 锚字符 脱字符 ---必须要匹配行首 $ echo "the books store" | sed -n '/^book/p' $ echo "books are gteat" | sed -n '/^book/p' books are gteat $ sed -n '/^this/p' data3 this is a test line this is another test line $ echo "this ^ is a test" | sed -n '/s ^/p' 不放在开头^ 就是普通字符 this ^ is a test 锁定在行尾 $ echo "this is a good book" | sed -n '/book$/p' this is a good book $ echo "this is a good book" | sed -n ' /$good/p' 报错：空 $ echo "this is a good books" | sed -n ' /book$/p' 空 $ echo "this is a good books" | sed -n '/s$/p' this is a good books 组合锚点 $ cat data4 this is a test of both anchors i said this is a test this is a test I'm sure this is a test $ sed -n '/^this is a test$/p' data4 this is a test $ cat data4 this is one test line this is another test line $ sed '/^$/d' data4 过滤掉空格行 this is one test line this is another test line 点字符 $ cat data4 this is a test of a line the cat is sleeping that is a very nice hat this test is at line four at the o'clock we'ii go home $ sed -n '/.at/p' data4 the cat is sleeping that is a very nice hat this test is at line four 空格会被当作字符匹配 字符组 $ cat data4 this is a test of a line the cat is sleeping that is a very nice hat this test is at line four $ sed -n '/[ch]at/p' data4 the cat is sleeping that is a very nice hat $ echo "Yes" | sed -n '/[Yy]es/p' 不太确定时候很有用。 Yes 单个表达式中用多个字符组 $ echo "Yes" | sed -n '/[Yy][Ee][Ss]/p' Yes $ echo "yEs" | sed -n '/[Yy][Ee][Ss]/p' yEs 字符组也可以使用数字 $ cat data4 this line doesn't contain a number this line has 1 number in it this line a number 2 on it this line has a number 4 in it $ sed -n '/[0123]/p' data4 this line has 1 number in it this line a number 2 on it 匹配邮编 $ cat data1 60633 46201 223001 4353 22203 $ sed -n '/[0123456789][0123456789][0123456789][0123456789][0123456789]/p' data1 60633 46201 223001 22203 $ sed -n '/^[0123456789][0123456789][0123456789][0123456789][0123456789]$/p' data1 60633 46201 22203 排错单词 $ cat data1 I need to have some maintenence dong on my car I'll pay that in a seperate invoice after i pay for the maintenance my car will be as good as new $ sed -n ' /maint[ea]n[ae]nce/p /sep[ea]r[ea]te/p' data1 I need to have some maintenence dong on my car I'll pay that in a seperate invoice after i pay for the maintenence my car will be as good as new 排错字符组 $ sed -n '/[ch]at/p' data1 i have a cat i have a hat $ sed -n '/[^ch]at/p' data1 i have a nat 使用区间 $ cat data1 60633 46201 223001 4353 22203 $ sed -n '/^[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]$/p' data1 60633 46201 22203 $ cat data1 i have a cat i have a hat i have a nat $ sed -n '/[c-h]at/p' data1 i have a cat i have a hat $ sed -n '/[a-c n-t]at/p' data1 多个区间 i have a cat i have a nat 特殊字符组 $ echo "abc" | sed -n '/[[:digit:]]/p' $ echo "abc" | sed -n '/[[:alpha:]]/p' abc $ echo "abc123" | sed -n '/[[:digit:]]/p' 匹配数字 abc123 $ echo "this is. a test" | sed -n '/[[:punct:]]/p' 匹配标点符号 this is. a test $ echo "this is a test" | sed -n '/[[:punct:]]/p' 空 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 星号 -表明在文本中出现一次或多次 $ echo "ik" | sed -n '/ie*k/p' ik $ echo "iek" | sed -n '/ie*k/p' iek $ echo "ieek" | sed -n '/ie*k/p' ieek $ echo "ieeek" | sed -n '/ie*k/p' ieeek $ echo "ieeeek" | sed -n '/ie*k/p' ieeeek 用在句子中 防止单词拼写错 $ echo "I'm getting a color tv " | sed -n '/colou*r/p' I'm getting a color tv $ echo "I'm getting a colour tv " | sed -n '/colou*r/p' I'm getting a colour tv .*全部匹配 $ echo "this is a regular pattern expression" | sed -n ' /regular.*expression/p' this is a regular pattern expression $ echo "bt" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' bt $ echo "bat" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' bat $ echo "batt" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' batt $ echo "bett" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' bett $ echo "baatt" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' baatt $ echo "baaeeett" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' baaeeett $ echo "baaeaaeet" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' baaeaaeet $ echo "baaekeett" | sed -n '/b[ae]*t/p' 失败 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 扩展正则表达式 问号 ---只匹配0次或1次 $ echo "bt" | gawk '/be?t/{print $0}' bt $ echo "bet" | gawk '/be?t/{print $0}' bet $ echo "beet" | gawk '/be?t/{print $0}' 失败 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "beeet" | gawk '/be?t/{print $0}' 失败 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bt $ echo "bat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bat $ echo "bot" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bet" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' bet $ echo "baet" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' 0或1次 a和e只能选一个。 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "beat" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' 0或1次 a和e只能选一个 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "beet" | gawk '/b[ae]?t/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 加号 ：出现一次或多次 但必须出现一次 $ echo "beeet" | gawk '/be+t/{print $0}' beeet $ echo "beet" | gawk '/be+t/{print $0}' beet $ echo "bet" | gawk '/be+t/{print $0}' bet $ echo "bt" | gawk '/be+t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bt" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bat" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' bat $ echo "baet" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' baet $ echo "beet" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' beet $ echo "beeat" | gawk '/b[ae]+t/{print $0}' beeat 使用花括号 $ echo "bt" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1}t/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bet" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1}t/{print $0}' bet $ echo "beet" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1}t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bt" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1,2}t/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bet" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1,2}t/{print $0}' bet $ echo "beet" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1,2}t/{print $0}' beet $ echo "beeet" | gawk --re-interval '/be{1,2}t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 只能a和b一共任意两个才可以 $ echo "bt" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "bat" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' bat $ echo "beat" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' beat $ echo "beet" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' beet $ echo "beeat" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "baeet" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' 报错 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "baeaet" | gawk --re-interval '/b[ae]{1,2}t/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 报错 管道符号 $ echo "the cat is asleep" | gawk '/cat|dog/{print $0}' the cat is asleep $ echo "the dog is asleep" | gawk '/cat|dog/{print $0}' the dog is asleep $ echo "the sheep is asleep" | gawk '/cat|dog/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "she has a hat" | gawk '/[ch]at|dog/{print $0}' she has a hat 聚合表达式 $ echo "Sat" | gawk '/Sat(urday)?/{print $0}' Sat $ echo "Saturday" | gawk '/Sat(urday)?/{print $0}' Saturday $ echo "Saturday" | gawk '/Sat(urday)/{print $0}' 自己写的 Saturday $ echo "cat" | gawk '/(c|b)a(b|t)/{print $0}' cat $ echo "cab" | gawk '/(c|b)a(b|t)/{print $0}' cab $ echo "bat" | gawk '/(c|b)a(b|t)/{print $0}' bat $ echo "tab" | gawk '/(c|b)a(b|t)/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "tac" | gawk '/(c|b)a(b|t)/{print $0}' Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 实用中的正则表达式 目录文件计数 $ echo $PATH | sed 's/:/ /g' /usr/local/bin /usr/bin /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32 /cygdrive/c/Windows /cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/Wbem /cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell mypath=`echo $PATH | sed 's/:/ /g'` for directory in $mypath do print $directory done $ sh test ??Ч????? - /usr ??Ч????? - /usr ??Ч????? - /cygdrive ??Ч????? - /cygdrive ??Ч????? - /cygdrive ??Ч????? - /cygdrive #!/bin/bash #count number of files in your PATH mypath=`echo $PATH | sed 's/:/ /g'` count=0 for directory in $mypath do check=`ls $directory` for item in $check do count=$[ $count + 1 ] done echo "$directory - $count" count=0 done $ sh test /usr/local/bin - 0 /usr/bin - 352 /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32 - 2998 /cygdrive/c/Windows - 109 /cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/Wbem - 280 /cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0 - 22 匹配电话号码 #!/bin/bash #script to filter out bad phone numbers gawk --re-interval '/^\(?[2-9][0-9]{2}\)?(| |-|\.)[0-9]{3}( |-|\.)[0-9]{4}/{print $0}' $ echo "317-555-1234" | sh isphone 317-555-1234 $ cat phonelist 000-000-000 123-456-7890 212-555-1234 (317)555-1234 (202) 555-9876 33523 1234567890 234.123.4567 $ cat phonelist | sh isphone 212-555-1234 (317)555-1234 (202) 555-9876 234.123.4567 解析邮件地址 gawk --re-interval '/^([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.\+]+)@([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.]+)\.([a-zA-Z]{2,5})/{print $0}' $ echo "rich@here.now" | sh ise-mail rich@here.now $ echo "rich@here.n" | sh ise-mail Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "rich@here-now" | sh ise-mail Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "rich.blum@here.now" | sh ise-mail rich.blum@here.now $ echo "rich_blum@here.now" | sh ise-mail rich_blum@here.now $ echo "rich/blum@here.now" | sh ise-mail Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "rich#blum@here.now" | sh ise-mail Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ echo "rich*blum@here.now" | sh ise-mail Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ sed进阶 多行命令 next命令 $ cat data1 -------------目的要删除首行后面的空格 t$ cat data1 this is the header line this is the data line this is the last line $ sed '/^$/'d data1 this is the header line this is the header line this is the header line $ sed '/header/{n ; d}' data1 this is the header line this is the data line this is the last line 合并文本行 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '/first/{N ; s/\n/ /}' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 替换短语 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance $ sed 's/System Administrators/Desktop User/' data1 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop User should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance 错行连起来替换短语 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance 有缺陷 $ sed 'N ; s/System.Administrator/Desktop User/' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop Users should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance 解决办法 $ sed ' N s/System\nAdministrator/Desktop\nUser/ s/System Administrator/Desktop User/ ' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop Users should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance 有缺陷 $ sed ' > N > s/System\nAdministrator/Desktop\nUser/ > s/System Administrators/Desktop/ > ' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop should attend this meeting 解决办法 $ sed ' > s/System Administrators/Desktop/ > N > s/System\nAdministrator/Desktop\nUser/ > ' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop should attend this meeting 多行删除命令 会删除所有，不是想要的 $ sed 'N ; /System\nAdministrator/d' data1 All System Administrators should attend this meeting D 只会删除含换行符的所有字符 $ sed 'N ; /System\nAdministrator/D' data1 Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting 删除数据流中出现在第一行前的空白行 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is a data line this is the last line $ sed '/^$/{N ; /header/D}' data1 this is the header line this is a data line this is the last line 只打印第一行 $ cat data1 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance $ sed -n 'N ; /System\nAdministrator/P' data1 the first meeting of the Linux System 模式空间：可以让第一个数据行出现在第二个数据行之后 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the first data line this is the last line $ sed -n '/first/{ > h > p > n > p > g > p > }' data1 this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the first data line $ sed -n '/first/{ > h > n > p > g > p > }' data1 this is the second data line this is the first data line 排除命令 ---让命令失去作用 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed -n '/header/!p' data1 this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 不打印最后一行 $ cat data1 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance $ sed 'N ; s/System.Administrator/Desktop User/' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop Users should attend this meeting Thank you for your attendance 打印最后一行 $ cat data1 the first meeting of the Linux System Administrator's group will be held on Tuesday All System Administrators should attend this meeting $ sed '$!N; s/System.Administrator/Desktop User/' data1 the first meeting of the Linux Desktop User's group will be held on Tuesday All Desktop Users should attend this meeting 反转文本打印 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed -n '{1!G ; h ; $p}' data1 this is the last line this is the second data line this is the first data line this is the header line $ sed -n '{G ; h ; $p}' data1 自己写的 this is the last line this is the second data line this is the first data line this is the header line 改变流 跳转 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '{2,3b ; s/this is /IS this/;s/line/test?/}' data1 IS thisthe header test? this is the first data line this is the second data line IS thisthe last test? $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '{/first/b jump1 ; s/this is the/No jump on/ :jump1 s/this is the/jump here on/}' data1 No jump on header line jump here on first data line No jump on second data line No jump on last line 跳转循环 $ echo "this, is, a, test, to, remove, commas," | sed -n '{ :start s/,//1p b start }' this is, a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a test, to, remove, commas, this is a test to, remove, commas, this is a test to remove, commas, this is a test to remove commas, this is a test to remove commas 无限循环 要想防止无限循环 如下 ，在最后一个命令被删除后，跳转命令不再执行 $ echo "this, is, a, test, to, remove, commas," | sed -n '{ :start s/,//1p /,/b start }' this is, a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a test, to, remove, commas, this is a test to, remove, commas, this is a test to remove, commas, this is a test to remove commas, this is a test to remove commas 测试 t 很好的结束跳出循环。 $ sed '{ > s/first/matched/ > t > s/this is the/no match on/ > }' data1 no match on header line this is the matched data line no match on second data line no match on last line $ echo "this, is, a, test, to, remove, commas," | sed -n '{ :start s/,//1p t start }' this is, a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a, test, to, remove, commas, this is a test, to, remove, commas, this is a test to, remove, commas, this is a test to remove, commas, this is a test to remove commas, this is a test to remove commas 模式替换 $ echo "the cat sleep in this hat." |sed 's/cat/"cat"/' the "cat" sleep in this hat. $ echo "the cat sleep in this hat." |sed 's/.at/".at"/g' the ".at" sleep in this ".at". and符号 $ echo "the cat sleep in in his hat," | sed 's/.at/"&"/g' the "cat" sleep in in his "hat", 替换单独的单词 $ echo "the system administrator manual" | sed ' > s/\(system\) administrator/\1 user/' the system user manual $ echo "that furry cat is pretty" | sed 's/furry \(.at\)/\1/' that cat is pretty $ echo "that furry hat is pretty" | sed 's/furry \(.at\)/\1/' that hat is pretty $ echo "1234567" | sed '{ > :start > s/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1.\2/ > t start > }' 1.234.567 在脚本中使用sed $ sh reserve data1 this is the last line this is the second data line this is the first data line this is the header line reserve:行9: $: 未找到命令 重定向sed的输出 $ cat data1 #!/bin/bash #add commas to numbers in factorial answer factorial=1 counter=1 number=$1 while [ $counter -le $number ] do factorial=$[ $factorial * $counter ] counter=$[ $counter + 1 ] done result=`echo $factorial | sed '{ :start s/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/ t start }'` echo "the result is $result" $ $ sh data1 20 the result is 2,432,902,008,176,640,000 data1:行22: $: 未找到命令 创建sed实用工具 加倍行间距 G ： 在所有行后添加空白行 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed 'G' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 不把空白行加到最后一行 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '$!G' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 对可能含有空白行的文件加倍行间距 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '$!G' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '/^$/d;$!G' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 给文件中的行编号 $ sed '/^$/d;$!G;'='' data1 1 this is the header line 2 this is the first data line 4 this is the second data line 5 this is the last line $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '=' data1 1 this is the header line 2 this is the first data line 3 this is the second data line 4 this is the last line 行号在数据流的左边---将换行符换成空格 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '=' data1 | sed 'N; s/\n/ /' 1 this is the header line 2 this is the first data line 3 this is the second data line 4 this is the last line 打印末尾行 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed -n '$p' data1 this is the last line D : 删除模式空间的第一行 N : 循环。 删除两行之间连续的空白行，留一个空白行 $ sed '/./,/^$/!d' data1 区间是/./,^$/！d $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '/./,/^$/!d' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 删除开头的空白行 $ sed '/./,$!d' data1 $ cat data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line $ sed '/./,$!d' data1 this is the header line this is the first data line this is the second data line this is the last line 删除结尾的空白行 $ cat data1 this is the first data line this is the second data line Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ sed '{ :start /^\n*$/{$d; N; b start } }' data1 this is the first data line this is the second data line Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ 删除HTML标签 错误命令 $ cat data1 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="GBK" /> <title>优质品牌购物网站大全-皮皮爱购物</title> this is the <b>first</i> $ sed 's/<.*>//g' data1 this is the 正确命令 忽略原始标签中的大于号 $ cat data1 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="GBK" /> <title>优质品牌购物网站大全-皮皮爱购物</title> this is the <b>first</i> $ sed 's/<[^>]*>//g' data1 优质品牌购物网站大全-皮皮爱购物 this is the first $ sed 's/<[^>]*>//g;/^$/d' data1 -删除空白行 优质品牌购物网站大全-皮皮爱购物 this is the first gawk进阶阶段 变量 FS 输入字段分隔符 RS 输入数据行分隔符 OFS 输出字段分隔符 ORS 输出数据行分隔符 $ cat data1 data11,data12,data13,data14,data15 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=","} {print $1,$2,$3}' data1 data11 data12 data13 $ cat data1 改变字符之间的符号 data11,data12,data13,data14,data15 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="-"} {print $1,$2,$3}' data1 data11-data12-data13 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="<->"} {print $1,$2,$3}' data1 data11<->data12<->data13 根据字段宽度进行分割 $ cat data1 1005.32456.37 115-2.349194.00 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FIELDWIDTHS=" 3 5 2 5"} {print $1,$2,$3,$4}' data1 100 5.324 56 .37 115 -2.34 91 94.00 FS RS 结合使用 $ cat data1 riley mullen 123 main street chicago il 60601 (321)555-1234 rfriank williams 456 oak street indianapolis,in 46201 (317)555-9876 haley snelll 4231 elm street detroi.mi 455 (313)555-4983 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS="\n";RS=""} {print $1,$4}' data1 riley mullen (321)555-1234 rfriank williams (317)555-9876 haley snelll (313)555-4983 数据变量 ARGC 当前命令行参数个数 ARGIND 当前文件在ARGV中的位置 ARGV 包含命令行参数的数组 CONVFMT 数字的转换格式 ENVIRON 当前shell环境变量以及其组成的关联数组 ERRNO 当读取或关闭输入文件发生错误时的系统错误号 FILENAME 用gawk输入数据的数据文件的文件名 FNR 当前数据文件的数据行数 IGNORECASE 设成非零值时，忽略gawk命令中出现的字符串的字符大小写 NR 已处理的输入数据行目 OFMT 数字的输入格式；默认%.6g RLENGTH 由match函数所匹配的子字符串的长度 RSTART 由match函数所匹配的子字符串的起始位置 自定义变量 $ gawk 'BEGIN{ > testing="this is a test" > print testing > }' this is a test $ gawk ' > BEGIN{ > testing="this is a test" > print testing > testing=45 > print testing > }' this is a test 45 算数赋值 $ gawk 'BEGIN{X=4; X= X * 2 + 3; print X}' 11 在命令行上给变量赋值 $ cat script1 BEGIN{FS=","} {print $n} $ cat data1 data12,data22,data23 $ gawk -f script1 n=2 data1 data22 $ gawk -f script1 n=3 data1 data23 显示字符段+文字 $ cat data1 data12,data22,data23 $ cat script1 BEGIN{print "the starting value is",n; FS=","} {print $n} $ gawk -f script1 n=3 data1 the starting value is data23 $ gawk -v n=3 -f script1 data1 the starting value is 3 data23 处理数组 定义数组变量 $ gawk 'BEGIN{ > capital["lips"] = "spring" > print capital["lips"] > }' spring $ gawk 'BEGIN{ var[1] = 34 var[2] = 3 total = var[1] + var[2] print total }' 37 遍历数组变量 $ gawk 'BEGIN{ > var["a"] = 1 > var["g"] = 2 > var["m"] = 3 > var["u"] = 4 > for (test in var) > { > print "index:"test "- value:" var[test] > } > }' index:u- value:4 index:m- value:3 index:a- value:1 index:g- value:2 删除数组变量 正则表达式 $ cat data1 data12,data22,data23 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=","} /12/{print $1}' data1 data12 $ cat data1 data11,data12,data13,data23 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=","} $2 ~ /^data2/{print $0}' data1 空 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS=","} $2 ~ /^data2/{print $0}' data1 data27,data26,data23,data24 数学表达式 $ cat data1 data27,data26,data23,data24 $ gawk -F, '$1 == "data26"{print $1}' data1 Administrator@MS-20170425YVKO ~ $ gawk -F, '$1 == "data27"{print $1}' data1 data27 结构化命令 $ cat data1 10 5 13 50 34 $ gawk '{if ($1 > 20) print $1}' data1 50 34 $ cat data1 10 5 13 50 34 $ gawk '{ > if ($1 > 20) > { > x = $1 * 20 > print x > } > }' data1 1000 680 支持if-else $ gawk '{ > if ($1 > 20) > { > x = $1 * 20 > print x > } else > { > x = $1 / 2 > print x > }}' data1 5 2.5 6.5 1000 680 单行使用else $ gawk '{if ($1 > 20) print $1 * 2;else print $1 / 2}' data1 5 2.5 6.5 100 68 while语句 $ cat data1 130 120 135 160 113 140 145 170 215 $ gawk '{ total = 0 i = 1 while (i < 4) { total += $i i++ } avg = total / 3 print "Average:" avg }' data1 Average:128.333 Average:137.667 Average:176.667 Average:0 gawk支持break $ gawk '{ > total = 0 > i = 1 > while (i < 4) > { > total +=$i > if (i == 2) > break > i++ > } > avg = total / 2 > print "the avetage of the first two data elements is :" avg > }' data1 the avetage of the first two data elements is :125 the avetage of the first two data elements is :136.5 the avetage of the first two data elements is :157.5 the avetage of the first two data elements is :0 do-while语句 $ gawk '{ > total = 0 > i = 1 > do > { > total += $i > i++ > } while (total < 150) > print total }' data1 250 160 315 for 语句 $ gawk '{ > total = 0 > for (i=1;i<4;i++) > { > total += $i > } > avg = total / 3 > print "average:" avg > }' data1 average:128.333 average:137.667 average:176.667 average:0 格式化输出 $ cat data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 Frank Williams (317)555-9876 Haley Snell (313)555-4938 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS="\n"; RS=""} {print $1,$4}' data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS="\n"; RS=""} {printf "%s %s\n", $1,$4}' data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS="\n"; RS=""} {printf "%16s %s\n", $1,$4}' data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 $ gawk 'BEGIN{FS="\n"; RS=""} {printf "%-16s %s\n", $1,$4}' data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 字符串函数 $ gawk 'BEGIN{ > var["a"] = 1 > var["g"] = 2 > var["m"] = 3 > var["u"] = 4 > asort(var,test) > for (i in test) > print "index:"i "- value:" test[i] > }' index:1- value:1 index:2- value:2 index:3- value:3 index:4- value:4 时间函数 $ gawk 'BEGIN{ date = systime() day = strftime("%A,%B %d,%Y", date) print day }' 星期日,七月 02,2017 自定义函数 $ cat data2 Riley Mullen - (312)555-1234 Frank Williams - (317)555-9876 Haley Snell - (313)555-4938 $ gawk ' function myprint() { print "%-16s - %s\n", $1,$4 } BEGIN{FS="\n"; RS=""} { myprint() }' data2 %-16s - %s Riley Mullen - (312)555-1234 创建库函数 $ cat funclib function myprint() { printf "%-16s - %s\n", $1, $4 } function myrand(limit) { return int(limit * rand()) } function printthird() { print $3 } $ cat script4 BEGIN{ FS="\n"; RS=""} { myprint() } $ cat data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 Frank Williams (317)555-9876 Haley Snell (313)555-4938 $ gawk -f funclib -f script4 data2 Riley Mullen (312)555-1234 - 使用其他shell dash shell set 显示环境变量 $ cat test5 #!/bin/dash value1=10 value2=15 value3=$(( $value1 * $value2 )) echo "the answer is $value3" $ sh test5 the answer is 150 function 命令 $ cat test10 #!/bin/dash #testing functions func1() { echo "this is an example of a function" } count=1 while [ $count -le 5 ] do func1 count=$(( $count + 1 )) done echo "this is the end of the loop" func1 echo "this is the end of the script" $ sh test10 this is an example of a function this is an example of a function this is an example of a function this is an example of a function this is an example of a function this is the end of the loop this is an example of a function this is the end of the script 高级shell 脚本编程 ----------------492页 使用web 探索cURL 使用zsh处理网络 客户端、服务器模式 服务器程序 客户端程序 编写脚本使用工具 检测磁盘空间 $ du -s /home/* 1 /home/a.sh 171 /home/Administrator 1 /home/myfuncs 0 /home/testing $ du -s /var/log/* 108 /var/log/setup.log 1896 /var/log/setup.log.full $ du -S /var/log/* 108 /var/log/setup.log 1896 /var/log/setup.log.full $ du -S /var/log/ | sort -rn 2004 /var/log/ $ du -S /var/log/ | sort -rn | sed '{11,$D; =}' | sed 'N; s/\n/ /' | gawk '{printf $1 ":" "\t" $2 "\t" $3 "\n"}' 1: 2004 /var/log/ 创建脚本 #!/bin/dash CHCEK_DIRECTORIES="/var/log /home" #direction to check ######## main script ############ DATE=$(date '+%m%d%y') exec > disk_space_$DATE.rpt echo "top ten disk space usage" echo "for $CHCEK_DIRECTORIES direction" for DIR_CHECK in $CHCEK_DIRECTORIES do echo "" echo "the $DIR_CHECK direction" #creating a listing of top ten disk space users du -S $DIR_CHECK 2>/dev/null | sort -rn | sed 'N; s/\n/ /' | gawk '{printf $1 ":" "\t" $2 "\t" $3 "\n"}' done 管理用户账户
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