Ruby on Rails 学习笔记

1、创建新项目simple_cms

rails new simple_cms -d mysql

2、在/config/database.yml中配置项目数据库信息

default: &default
  adapter: mysql2
  encoding: utf8
  pool: 5
  username: anuo
  password: xxxxxx
  host: localhost

development:
  <<: *default
  database: simple_cms_development

3、使用rake db:schema:dump, 可以从现在的数据库创建schema文件。执行此命令后生成文件:/db/schema.rb

4、使用浏览器访问项目

  • Start web server  rails s
  • 浏览器访问: http://localhost:3000/

5、生成控制器和视图

  rails generate controller demo index: 生成名为demo的controller以及index的视图

  

  

   routes.rb

  

  

6、服务器请求:浏览器发送请求,当在public里面存在与请求路径一致的文件时,直接返回该文件,如果不存在,则需要访问rails 服务。

  

7、路由

  路由类型

    Simple Match Route:

      eg:get 'demo/index'  match "demo/index", :to => "demo#index", :via => :get

    Default Route Structure:  :controller/:action/:id  

      eg: GET /student/edit/52  StudentController ,edit action ,id=52

    Default Route:

      eg: get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'  match   ':controller(/:action(/:id))', :via => :get

    Root Route:

      match "/" , :to => "demo#index", :via => :get

8、Render a template

    Render template Syntax

      render(:template => 'demo/hello')

      render('demo/hello')

      render('hello')

9、Redirect Actions

    redirect_to( :action => 'hello')

    redirect_to(:controller => 'test', :action => 'test') #跳转到testcontroller的test action

    redirect_to("https://www.baidu.com")

    会改变浏览器的访问地址

10、View templates

11、instance variables

  def hello
      @array = ['Achris','Anuo','Janey','Monic','Alen']
      render('hello')
  end

 

<% @array.each do |n|%>
    <%= n %>,
<% end %>

 

12、Links

<a href="/demo/hello">Hello page 1</a><br>

<%= link_to('Hello page 2',{:action => "hello"}) %><br>

<%= link_to('Test test page',{:controller => 'test',:action => "test"}) %><br>

13、URL parameters

  在index界面

<%= link_to('Hello page with parameters',{:action => "hello", :id => 20, :page => 5}) %><br>

 

 

  在democontroller hello方法里面对参数处理:

 def hello
      @array = ['Achris','Anuo','Janey','Monic','Alen']
      @id =params['id']
      @page = params[:page]
      render('hello')
  end

  在hello.html.erb里面参数使用

ID: <%= @id%><br>
ID:<%= params['id'] %><br>
Page:<%= params[:page] %><br>
<!--参数默认是string,进行数学计算时需要转化no implicit conversion of Fixnum into String-->
nextPage: <%= params[:page].to_i + 1 %><br>

 

14、Generate migrations

rails generate migration DoNothingYet

15、Generate models

  rails generate model User

  

 

  20170320090551_create_users.rb内容(修改)

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]

  def up
    create_table :users do |t|
      t.column "first_name", :string, :limit =>25
      t.string "last_name", :limit => 50
      t.string "email", :default => '', :null => false
      t.string "password", :limit =>40
      t.timestamps

      #t.datetime "created_at"
      #t.datetime "uploaded_at"
    end
  end

  def down
      drop_table :users
  end
end

  

  

16、Run migrations

  rails db:migrate

  

  

  

 

  

  

  回滚(撤回):rails db:migrate VERSION=0

   

            

  

  

  查看数据库版本:rails db:migrate:status

  

  rails db:migrate VERSION=20170320090551

  

   

17、Migration methods

    

    

    

 例子

  rails generate migration AlterUsers

  

  20170320090551_create_users.rb内容:

  

class AlterUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
  def up
      rename_table("users","admin_users")
      add_column("admin_users","username", :string, :limit =>25, :after => "email")
      change_column("admin_users","email", :string, :limit =>100)
      rename_column("admin_users","password","hashed_password")
      puts "****Adding an index****"
      add_index("admin_users","username")
  end

  def down
      remove_index("admin_users","username")
      rename_column("hashed_password","password")
      change_column("email", :string, :default => '', :null => false)
      remove_column('admin_users',"username")
      rename_table("admin_users","users")

  end
end

   rails db:migrate

    

18、Solve migration problems

    当执行错误的时候,解决办法:修改migrate file ,注释出错文件中已执行的语句,再次执行rails db:migrate  ,当down时,类似

19、Challenge Migrations for the CMS

  

   rails generate model Subject

   

   rails generate model Page

   

   rails generate model Section

   

   20170321014824_create_subjects.rb

   

   20170321014839_create_pages.rb

   

   20170321014855_create_sections.rb

   

   rails db:migrate

   

20、撤回到之前版本

   rails db:migrate:status

   

   rails db:migrate VERSION=20170320100921

   

21、ActiveRecord and ActiveRelation

Active Record 是 MVC 中的 M(模型),负责处理数据和业务逻辑。Active Record 负责创建和使用需要持久存入数据库中的数据。Active Record 实现了 Active Record 模式,是一种对象关系映射系统。

Active Record 模式出自 Martin Fowler 写的《企业应用架构模式》一书。在 Active Record 模式中,对象中既有持久存储的数据,也有针对数据的操作。Active Record 模式把数据存取逻辑作为对象的一部分,处理对象的用户知道如何把数据写入数据库,还知道如何从数据库中读出数据。

对象关系映射(ORM)是一种技术手段,把应用中的对象和关系型数据库中的数据表连接起来。使用 ORM,应用中对象的属性和对象之间的关系可以通过一种简单的方法从数据库中获取,无需直接编写 SQL 语句,也不过度依赖特定的数据库种类。

用作 ORM 框架的 Active Record提供了很多功能,其中最重要的几个如下:

1、表示模型和其中的数据;

2、表示模型之间的关系;

3、通过相关联的模型表示继承层次结构;

4、持久存入数据库之前,验证模型;

5、以面向对象的方式处理数据库操作。

   

    

22、Model naming

  已经讲users表改名为admin_users,有两种方法让model与table挂钩:1、在user.rb文件中self.table_name="admin_users";2、将user.rb更改为admin_user.rb,更改class名User为AdminUser。

23、Model attributes

24、Create records

  方法1:

    1)subject1=Subject.new

    

 

    2)subject1.name="First Subject"

    

 

    3)subject.save

    

  方法1的前两个步骤可以异步到位: subject =Subject.new(:name => "First Subject",:position => 1, :visible => true)

  方法2:

    1)subject=Subject.create(:name => "Second Subject",:position => 2, :visible => true)

    

25、Update records

  方法1: find/setValue/save

    1) subject =Subject.find(1)

     

    2)subject.name="Initial Subject"

     

    3) subject.save

     

 

  方法2:Find/setValue and save

    1)subject =Subject.find(2)

     

 

    2)subject1.update_attributes(:name => 'Next Subject', :visible => false)

     

 

26、Delete records

  方法:Find/Destroy

     准备工作先创建一个subject : Subject.create(:name => "Bad Subject")

     

 

      1)subject=Subject.find(3)

      2) subject.destroy

     

     subject.destroy之后,记录不存在在数据库,但是对象subject仍然存在在应用中,但是不能更改对象subject的任意值。

     

     

      

 

27、Find records

   Primary key finder :Subject.find(id) ,当根据id找不到数据时报错ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Subject with 'id'=3

   Dynamic finders: Subject.find_by_attrName subject=Subject.find_by_id(3),当找不到数据时,返回nil

    

 

   Find all: subjects=Subject.all

    

   Find last/first

    

    

 

28、Query methods Conditions

    where(conditions)

    

    

    

    

    

    

 

    

    

    

29、Query methods Order, limit, and offset

    

    

    

    

    

30、Named scopes  

class Subject < ApplicationRecord
    scope :visible, lambda { where(:visible => true)}
    scope :invisible, lambda { where(:visible => false)}
    scope :sorted, lambda {order(:position => :asc)}
    scope :newest_first, lambda{order(:created_at => :desc)}
    scope :search, lambda{|query| where(["name like ?","%#{query}%"]) }
end

 

    

    

31、Relationship types

  

 

  

  

  

  

  

32、One to one associations

  我们假定subject has_one page,page belongs_to subject,

  1、class with "belongs_to" has the foreign key;

  2、always define both sides of the relationship

  /app/models/subject.rb

  

  /app/models/page.rb

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  destroy association

  

  上面命令执行后关系取消,但是page的数据依然存在在数据中

  

33、One to many associations

  subject has_many pages,page belongs_to subject,

  

 

  /app/models/subject.rb

  

  /app/models/page.rb

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

34、belongs to presence validation

   

  

  更改page之后

  

  

35、Many to many associations Simple

  

  

  

  

  实例:

  step1:

  

  step2:/db/migrate/20170323055150_create_admin_users_pages_join.rb

  

  step 3:

  

  step 4:修改admin_user以及page

  

  

  测试:

  step 1:创建一个新的用户

  

  step 2:找到一个page

  

  step 3:建立关系

  

 

36、Many to many associations Rich

   

   实战:

  

 

  

   /db/migrate/20170323075236_create_section_edits.rb

  

  /app/models/admin_user.rb

  

  /app/models/section.rb

  

  /app/models/section_edit.rb

  

  测试:

  找到可用的admin_user以及section

  

  生成edit

  

  单独保存

  

  可行的做法:

  

37、Traverse a rich association

  此节的目的在于将admin_user和section建立直接连接,即可通过admin_user.sections/section.admin_users获得。。。这建立在上节的基础上

  /app/models/admin_user.rb

  

  /app/models/section.rb

  

  测试:

  

  

38、CRUD

  

   rails generate controller Subjects index show new edit delete

   

   

39、REST

  

   

   

40、Resourceful routes

  

41、Resourceful URL helpers

  

  

42、Read action Index

  

 

  /app/controllers/subjects_controller.rb

  def index
    @subjects = Subject.sorted
  end

  /app/views/subjects/index.html.erb

  

<div class="subject index">
    <h2>Subjects</h2>

    <%= link_to("Add New Subject", "#", :class => "action new") %>

    <table class="listing" summary="Subject list">
        <tr class="header">
            <th>#</th>
            <th>Subject</th>
            <th>Visible</th>
            <th>Pages</th>
            <th>Actions</th>
        </tr>
        <% @subjects.each do |subject| %>
            <tr>
                <td><%= subject.position %></td>
                <td><%= subject.name %></td>
                <td class="center"><%= subject.visible ? 'YES' : 'NO' %></td>
                <td class="center"><%= subject.pages.size%></td>
                <td class="actions">
                    <%= link_to("Show", "#", :class => "action show") %>
                    <%= link_to("Edit", "#", :class => "action edit") %>
                    <%= link_to("Delete", "#", :class => "action delete") %>
                </td>
            </tr>
        <% end %>

    </table>
</div>

 

43、Read action Show

  修改index.rb文件

  

  修改/app/controllers/subjects_controller.rb

  

  

<%= link_to("Back to list", subjects_path, :class => "back_link") %>

<div class="subject show">
    <h2>Show Subject</h2>

    <table summary="Subject detail view">
        <tr>
            <th>Name</th>
            <td><%= @subject.name %></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <th>Position</th>
            <td><%= @subject.position %></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <th>Visible?</th>
            <td class="center"><%= @subject.visible ? 'YES' : 'NO' %></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <th>Created</th>
            <td><%= @subject.created_at %></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <th>Updated</th>
            <td><%= @subject.updated_at %></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
</div>

  

44、Form basics

  

45、Create action New

  

  index.rb

  

  修改/app/controllers/subjects_controller.rb

  

  /app/views/subjects/new.html.erb

<%= link_to("Back to list", subjects_path, :class => "back_link") %>

<div class="subject new">
    <h2>Create Subject</h2>

    <%= form_for(@subject)  do |f| %>
        <table summary="Subject form fields">
            <tr>
                <th>Name</th>
                <td><%= f.text_field(:name) %></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <th>Position</th>
                <td><%= f.text_field(:position) %></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <th>Visible</th>
                <td><%= f.text_field(:visible) %></td>
            </tr>
        </table>

        <div class="form-buttons">
            <%= f.submit("Create Subject") %>
        </div>
    <% end %>
</div>

46、Create action Create

   

  def create
    # Instantiate a new object using form parameters
    @subject =Subject.new(params[:subject])
    # Save the Object
    if @subject.save
      #If save succeeds,redurect to the index action
      redirect_to(subjects_path)
    else
      # If save fails, redisplay the form so the user can fix problems
      render("new")
    end
  end

  

47、Strong parameters

  

    

48、Update actions Edit update

  

   

   

   

   

   

49、Delete actions Delete destroy

   

    

   

    /app/views/subjects/index.html.erb

    

    /app/controllers/subjects_controller.rb

    

    /app/views/subjects/delete.html.erb

    

    

50、Flash hash

   在redirect之前个步骤操作结果提示

   

   

   

   /app/controllers/subjects_controller.rb

   

   /app/views/subjects/index.html.erb 头部添加

   

51、Layout

   在/app/views/layouts文件夹内新建文件admin.html.erb

   

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Simple CMS: <%= @page_title || "Admin Area" %></title>
  </head>

  <body>
      <% if !flash[:notice].blank? %>
        <div class="notice">
            <%= flash[:notice] %>
        </div>
    <% end %>
      <!-- before yield -->
    <%= yield %>
    <!-- after yield -->
  </body>
</html>

  在controller引用layout

  

  去掉html.erb文件里面之前的notice部分的代码,已经在layout里面体现,并增加页面信息

  

52、Partial templates

  创建/app/views/subjects/_form.html.erb,将edit以及create表单部分内容复制到_form.html.erb里面

  new喝edit页面去掉表单已加到_form.html.erb的内容,用<%= render(:partial =>'form', :locals => { :f => f}) %>指代内容

  

  

53、Text helpers

  TextHelper模块提供了一组过滤,格式化和转换字符串的方法,可以减少视图中的内置Ruby代码的数量。 这些帮助方法扩展了Action View,使它们可以在模板文件中调用。

  

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转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/loveyixiang/p/6567579.html

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