1
函数是一种有零个或多个参数并且有一个返回值的程序。在SQL中Oracle内建了一系列函数,这些函数都可被称为SQL或PL
/
SQL语句,函数主要分为两大类:
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3
单行函数
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5
组函数
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7
本文将讨论如何利用单行函数以及使用规则。
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9
SQL中的单行函数
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11
SQL和PL
/
SQL中自带很多类型的函数,有字符、数字、日期、转换、和混合型等多种函数用于处理单行数据,因此这些都可被统称为单行函数。这些函数均可用于SELECT,
WHERE
、
ORDER
BY等子句中,例如下面的例子中就包含了TO_CHAR,
UPPER
,SOUNDEX等单行函数。
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13
SELECT
ename,TO_CHAR(hiredate,
'
day,DD-Mon-YYYY
'
)
14
FROM
emp
15
Where
UPPER
(ename)
Like
'
AL%
'
16
ORDER
BY
SOUNDEX
(ename)
17![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
18
单行函数也可以在其他语句中使用,如update的SET子句,INSERT的VALUES子句,DELET的WHERE子句,认证考试特别注意在SELECT语句中使用这些函数,所以我们的注意力也集中在SELECT语句中。
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20
NULL和单行函数
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22
在如何理解NULL上开始是很困难的,就算是一个很有经验的人依然对此感到困惑。NULL值表示一个未知数据或者一个空值,算术操作符的任何一个操作数为NULL值,结果均为提个NULL值,这个规则也适合很多函数,只有CONCAT,DECODE,
DUMP
,NVL,REPLACE在调用了NULL参数时能够返回非NULL值。在这些中NVL函数时最重要的,因为他能直接处理NULL值,NVL有两个参数:NVL(x1,x2),x1和x2都式表达式,当x1为null时返回X2,否则返回x1。
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24
下面我们看看emp数据表它包含了薪水、奖金两项,需要计算总的补偿
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26
column
name emp_id salary bonus
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28
key
type pk
29
nulls
/
unique
nn,u nn
30
fk
table
31
datatype
number
number
number
32
length
11.2
11.2
33![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
34
不是简单的将薪水和奖金加起来就可以了,如果某一行是null值那么结果就将是null,比如下面的例子:
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36
update
emp
37
set
salary
=
(salary
+
bonus)
*
1.1
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39
这个语句中,雇员的工资和奖金都将更新为一个新的值,但是如果没有奖金,即 salary
+
null
,那么就会得出错误的结论,这个时候就要使用nvl函数来排除null值的影响。
40
所以正确的语句是:
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42
update
emp
43
set
salary
=
(salary
+
nvl(bonus,
0
)
*
1.1
44![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
45
单行字符串函数
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47
单行字符串函数用于操作字符串数据,他们大多数有一个或多个参数,其中绝大多数返回字符串
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49
ASCII
()
50
c1是一字符串,返回c1第一个字母的ASCII码,他的逆函数是CHR()
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52
SELECT
ASCII
(
'
A
'
) BIG_A,
ASCII
(
'
z
'
) BIG_z
FROM
emp
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54
BIG_A BIG_z
55
65
122
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57
CHR(<i>)
[
NCHAR_CS
]
58
i是一个数字,函数返回十进制表示的字符
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60
select
CHR(
65
),CHR(
122
),CHR(
223
)
FROM
emp
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62
CHR65 CHR122 CHR223
63
A z B
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65
CONCAT(,)
66
c1,c2均为字符串,函数将c2连接到c1的后面,如果c1为null,将返回c2.如果c2为null,则返回c1,如果c1、c2都为null,则返回null。他和操作符
||
返回的结果相同
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68
select
concat(
'
slobo
'
,
'
Svoboda
'
) username
from
dual
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70
username
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72
slobo Syoboda
73
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75
INITCAP()
76
c1为一字符串。函数将每个单词的第一个字母大写其它字母小写返回。单词由空格,控制字符,标点符号限制。
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78
select
INITCAP(
'
veni,vedi,vici
'
) Ceasar
from
dual
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80
Ceasar
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82
Veni,Vedi,Vici
83
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85
INSTR(,
[
,<i>[,
]
])
86
c1,c2均为字符串,i,j为整数。函数返回c2在c1中第j次出现的位置,搜索从c1的第i个字符开始。当没有发现需要的字符时返回0,如果i为负数,那么搜索将从右到左进行,但是位置的计算还是从左到右,i和j的缺省值为1.
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88
select
INSTR(
'
Mississippi
'
,
'
i
'
,
3
,
3
)
from
dual
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90
INSTR(
'
MISSISSIPPI
'
,
'
I
'
,
3
,
3
)
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92
11
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94
select
INSTR(
'
Mississippi
'
,
'
i
'
,
-
2
,
3
)
from
dual
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96
INSTR(
'
MISSISSIPPI
'
,
'
I
'
,
3
,
3
)
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98
2
99
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101
INSTRB(,
[
,i[,j
]
)
102
与INSTR()函数一样,只是他返回的是字节,对于单字节INSTRB()等于INSTR()
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104
LENGTH()
105
c1为字符串,返回c1的长度,如果c1为null,那么将返回null值。
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107
select
LENGTH(
'
Ipso Facto
'
) ergo
from
dual
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109
ergo
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111
10
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113
LENGTHb()
114
与LENGTH()一样,返回字节。
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116
lower
()
117
返回c的小写字符,经常出现在where子串中
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119
select
LOWER
(colorname)
from
itemdetail
WHERE
LOWER
(colorname)
LIKE
'
%white%
'
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121
COLORNAME
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123
Winterwhite
124
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126
LPAD(,<i>
[
,
]
)
127
c1,c2均为字符串,i为整数。在c1的左侧用c2字符串补足致长度i,可多次重复,如果i小于c1的长度,那么只返回i那么长的c1字符,其他的将被截去。c2的缺省值为单空格,参见RPAD。
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129
select
LPAD(answer,
7
,
''
) padded,answer unpadded
from
question;
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131
PADDED UNPADDED
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133
Yes Yes
134
NO NO
135
Maybe maybe
136
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138
LTRIM
(,)
139
把c1中最左边的字符去掉,使其第一个字符不在c2中,如果没有c2,那么c1就不会改变。
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141
select
LTRIM
(
'
Mississippi
'
,
'
Mis
'
)
from
dual
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143
LTR
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145
ppi
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147
RPAD(,<i>
[
,
]
)
148
在c1的右侧用c2字符串补足致长度i,可多次重复,如果i小于c1的长度,那么只返回i那么长的c1字符,其他的将被截去。c2的缺省值为单空格,其他与LPAD相似
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150
RTRIM
(,)
151
把c1中最右边的字符去掉,使其第后一个字符不在c2中,如果没有c2,那么c1就不会改变。
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153
REPLACE
(,
[
,
]
)
154
c1,c2,c3都是字符串,函数用c3代替出现在c1中的c2后返回。
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156
select
REPLACE
(
'
uptown
'
,
'
up
'
,
'
down
'
)
from
dual
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158
REPLACE
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160
downtown
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162
STBSTR(,<i>
[
,
]
)
163
c1为一字符串,i,j为整数,从c1的第i位开始返回长度为j的子字符串,如果j为空,则直到串的尾部。
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165
select
SUBSTR(
'
Message
'
,
1
,
4
)
from
dual
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167
SUBS
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169
Mess
170
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172
SUBSTRB(,<i>
[
,
]
)
173
与SUBSTR大致相同,只是I,J是以字节计算。
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175
SOUNDEX
()
176
返回与c1发音相似的词
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178
select
SOUNDEX
(
'
dawes
'
) Dawes
SOUNDEX
(
'
daws
'
) Daws,
SOUNDEX
(
'
dawson
'
)
from
dual
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180
Dawes Daws Dawson
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182
D200 D200 D250
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184
TRANSLATE(,,)
185
将c1中与c2相同的字符以c3代替
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187
select
TRANSLATE(
'
fumble
'
,
'
uf
'
,
'
ar
'
) test
from
dual
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189
TEXT
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191
ramble
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193
TRIM(
[
[
]
]
from
c3)
194
将c3串中的第一个,最后一个,或者都删除。
195![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
196
select
TRIM(
'
space padded
'
) trim
from
dual
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198
TRIM
199![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
200
space
padded
201![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
202
UPPER
()
203
返回c1的大写,常出现where子串中
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205
select
name
from
dual
where
UPPER
(name)
LIKE
'
KI%
'
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207
NAME
208![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
209
KING
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211
单行数字函数
212![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
213
单行数字函数操作数字数据,执行数学和算术运算。所有函数都有数字参数并返回数字值。所有三角函数的操作数和值都是弧度而不是角度,oracle没有提供内建的弧度和角度的转换函数。
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215
ABS
()
216
返回n的绝对值
217![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
218
ACOS
()
219
反余玄函数,返回
-
1到1之间的数。n表示弧度
220![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
221
select
ACOS
(
-
1
)
pi
,
ACOS
(
1
) ZERO
FROM
dual
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223
PI
ZERO
224![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
225
3.14159265
0
226![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
227
ASIN
()
228
反正玄函数,返回
-
1到1,n表示弧度
229![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
230
ATAN
()
231
反正切函数,返回n的反正切值,n表示弧度。
232![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
233
CEIL()
234
返回大于或等于n的最小整数。
235![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
236
COS
()
237
返回n的余玄值,n为弧度
238![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
239
COSH()
240
返回n的双曲余玄值,n 为数字。
241![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
242
select
COSH(
<
1.4
>
)
FROM
dual
243![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
244
COSH(
1.4
)
245![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
246
2.15089847
247![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
248
EXP
()
249
返回e的n次幂,e
=
2.71828183
.
250![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
251
FLOOR
()
252
返回小于等于N的最大整数。
253![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
254
LN()
255
返回N的自然对数,N必须大于0
256![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
257
LOG
(,)
258
返回以n1为底n2的对数
259![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
260
MOD()
261
返回n1除以n2的余数,
262![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
263
POWER
(,)
264
返回n1的n2次方
265![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
266
ROUND
(,)
267
返回舍入小数点右边n2位的n1的值,n2的缺省值为0,这回将小数点最接近的整数,如果n2为负数就舍入到小数点左边相应的位上,n2必须是整数。
268![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
269
select
ROUND
(
12345
,
-
2
),
ROUND
(
12345.54321
,
2
)
FROM
dual
270![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
271
ROUND
(
12345
,
-
2
)
ROUND
(
12345.54321
,
2
)
272![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
273
12300
12345.54
274![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
275
SIGN
()
276
如果n为负数,返回
-
1
,如果n为正数,返回1,如果n
=
0返回0.
277![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
278
SIN
()
279
返回n的正玄值,n为弧度。
280![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
281
SINH()
282
返回n的双曲正玄值,n为弧度。
283![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
284
SQRT
()
285
返回n的平方根,n为弧度
286![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
287
TAN
()
288
返回n的正切值,n为弧度
289![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
290
TANH()
291
返回n的双曲正切值,n为弧度
292![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
293
TRUNC(,)
294
返回截尾到n2位小数的n1的值,n2缺省设置为0,当n2为缺省设置时会将n1截尾为整数,如果n2为负值,就截尾在小数点左边相应的位上。
295![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
296
单行日期函数
297![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
298
单行日期函数操作DATA数据类型,绝大多数都有DATA数据类型的参数,绝大多数返回的也是DATA数据类型的值。
299![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
300
ADD_MONTHS(,<i>)
301
返回日期d加上i个月后的结果。i可以使任意整数。如果i是一个小数,那么数据库将隐式的他转换成整数,将会截去小数点后面的部分。
302![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
303
LAST_DAY()
304
函数返回包含日期d的月份的最后一天
305![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
306
MONTHS_BETWEEN(,)
307
返回d1和d2之间月的数目,如果d1和d2的日的日期都相同,或者都使该月的最后一天,那么将返回一个整数,否则会返回的结果将包含一个分数。
308![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
309
NEW_TIME(,,)
310
d1是一个日期数据类型,当时区tz1中的日期和时间是d时,返回时区tz2中的日期和时间。tz1和tz2时字符串。
311![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
312
NEXT_DAY(,)
313
返回日期d后由dow给出的条件的第一天,dow使用当前会话中给出的语言指定了一周中的某一天,返回的时间分量与d的时间分量相同。
314![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
315
select
NEXT_DAY(
'
01-Jan-2000
'
,
'
Monday
'
) "1st Monday",NEXT_DAY(
'
01-Nov-2004
'
,
'
Tuesday
'
)
+
7
"2nd Tuesday")
from
dual;
316![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
317
1st Monday 2nd Tuesday
318![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
319
03
-
Jan
-
2000
09
-
Nov
-
2004
320![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
321
ROUND
(
[
,
]
)
322
将日期d按照fmt指定的格式舍入,fmt为字符串。
323![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
324
SYADATE
325
函数没有参数,返回当前日期和时间。
326![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
327
TRUNC(
[
,
]
)
328
返回由fmt指定的单位的日期d.
329![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
330
单行转换函数
331![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
332
单行转换函数用于操作多数据类型,在数据类型之间进行转换。
333![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
334
CHARTORWID()
335
c 使一个字符串,函数将c转换为RWID数据类型。
336![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
337
SELECT
test_id
from
test_case
where
rowid
=
CHARTORWID(
'
AAAA0SAACAAAALiAAA
'
)
338![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
339
CONVERT
(,
[
,
]
)
340
c尾字符串,dset、sset是两个字符集,函数将字符串c由sset字符集转换为dset字符集,sset的缺省设置为数据库的字符集。
341![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
342
HEXTORAW()
343
x为16进制的字符串,函数将16进制的x转换为RAW数据类型。
344![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
345
RAWTOHEX()
346
x是RAW数据类型字符串,函数将RAW数据类转换为16进制的数据类型。
347![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
348
ROWIDTOCHAR()
349
函数将ROWID数据类型转换为CHAR数据类型。
350![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
351
TO_CHAR(
[
[,)
352
x是一个data或number数据类型,函数将x转换成fmt指定格式的char数据类型,如果x为日期nlsparm=NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE 控制返回的月份和日份所使用的语言。如果x为数字nlsparm=NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS 用来指定小数位和千分位的分隔符,以及货币符号。
353![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
354
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS ="dg", NLS_CURRENCY="string"
355![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
356
TO_DATE([,[,)
357
c表示字符串,fmt表示一种特殊格式的字符串。返回按照fmt格式显示的c,nlsparm表示使用的语言。函数将字符串c转换成date数据类型。
358![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
359
TO_MULTI_BYTE()
360
c表示一个字符串,函数将c的担子截字符转换成多字节字符。
361![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
362
TO_NUMBER([,[,)
363
c表示字符串,fmt表示一个特殊格式的字符串,函数返回值按照fmt指定的格式显示。nlsparm表示语言,函数将返回c代表的数字。
364![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
365
TO_SINGLE_BYTE()
366
将字符串c中得多字节字符转化成等价的单字节字符。该函数仅当数据库字符集同时包含单字节和多字节字符时才使用
367![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
368
其它单行函数
369![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
370
BFILENAME(
371
,)
372
dir是一个directory类型的对象,file为一文件名。函数返回一个空的BFILE位置值指示符,函数用于初始化BFILE变量或者是BFILE列。
373![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
374
DECODE(,,[,,,[
]
)
375
x是一个表达式,m1是一个匹配表达式,x与m1比较,如果m1等于x,那么返回r1,否则,x与m2比较,依次类推m3,m4,m5
.直到有返回结果。
376![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
377
DUMP
(,
[
,[,[,
]
]])
378
x是一个表达式或字符,fmt表示8进制、10进制、16进制、或则单字符。函数返回包含了有关x的内部表示信息的VARCHAR2类型的值。如果指定了n1,n2那么从n1开始的长度为n2的字节将被返回。
379![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
380
EMPTY_BLOB()
381
该函数没有参数,函数返回 一个空的BLOB位置指示符。函数用于初始化一个BLOB变量或BLOB列。
382![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
383
EMPTY_CLOB()
384
该函数没有参数,函数返回 一个空的CLOB位置指示符。函数用于初始化一个CLOB变量或CLOB列。
385![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
386
GREATEST()
387
exp_list是一列表达式,返回其中最大的表达式,每个表达式都被隐含的转换第一个表达式的数据类型,如果第一个表达式是字符串数据类型中的任何一个,那么返回的结果是varchar2数据类型, 同时使用的比较是非填充空格类型的比较。
388![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
389
LEAST()
390
exp_list是一列表达式,返回其中最小的表达式,每个表达式都被隐含的转换第一个表达式的数据类型,如果第一个表达式是字符串数据类型中的任何一个,将返回的结果是varchar2数据类型, 同时使用的比较是非填充空格类型的比较。
391![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
392
UID
393
该函数没有参数,返回唯一标示当前数据库用户的整数。
394![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
395
USER
396
返回当前用户的用户名
397![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
398
USERENV()
399
基于opt返回包含当前会话信息。opt的可选值为:
400![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
401
ISDBA 会话中SYSDBA脚色响应,返回TRUE
402
SESSIONID 返回审计会话标示符
403
ENTRYID 返回可用的审计项标示符
404
INSTANCE 在会话连接后,返回实例标示符。该值只用于运行Parallel 服务器并且有 多个实例的情况下使用。
405
LANGUAGE 返回语言、地域、数据库设置的字符集。
406
LANG 返回语言名称的ISO缩写。
407
TERMINAL 为当前会话使用的终端或计算机返回操作系统的标示符。
408![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
409
VSIZE()
410
x是一个表达式。返回x内部表示的字节数。
411![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
412
SQL中的组函数
413![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
414
组函数也叫集合函数,返回基于多个行的单一结果,行的准确数量无法确定,除非查询被执行并且所有的结果都被包含在内。与单行函数不同的是,在解析时所有的行都是已知的。由于这种差别使组函数与单行函数有在要求和行为上有微小的差异.
415![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
416
组(多行)函数
417![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
418
与单行函数相比,oracle提供了丰富的基于组的,多行的函数。这些函数可以在select或select的having子句中使用,当用于select子串时常常都和GROUP BY一起使用。
419![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
420
AVG
(
[
{DISYINCT|ALL}
]
)
421
返回数值的平均值。缺省设置为ALL.
422![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
423
SELECT
AVG
(sal),
AVG
(
ALL
sal),
AVG
(
DISTINCT
sal)
FROM
scott.emp
424![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
425
AVG
(SAL)
AVG
(
ALL
SAL)
AVG
(
DISTINCT
SAL)
426![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
427
1877.94118
1877.94118
1916.071413
428
429![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
430
COUNT
({
*|
DISTINCT
|ALL
} )
431
返回查询中行的数目,缺省设置是ALL,
*
表示返回所有的行。
432![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
433
MAX
(
[
{DISTINCT|ALL}
]
)
434
返回选择列表项目的最大值,如果x是字符串数据类型,他返回一个VARCHAR2数据类型,如果X是一个DATA数据类型,返回一个日期,如果X是numeric数据类型,返回一个数字。注意distinct和all不起作用,应为最大值与这两种设置是相同的。
435![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
436
MIN
(
[
{DISTINCT|ALL}
]
)
437
返回选择列表项目的最小值。
438![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
439
STDDEV(
[
{DISTINCT|ALL}
]
)
440
返回选者的列表项目的标准差,所谓标准差是方差的平方根。
441![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
442
SUM
(
[
{DISTINCT|ALL}
]
)
443
返回选择列表项目的数值的总和。
444![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
445
VARIANCE(
[
{DISTINCT|ALL}
]
)
446
返回选择列表项目的统计方差。
447![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
448
用GROUP BY给数据分组
449![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
450
正如题目暗示的那样组函数就是操作那些已经分好组的数据,我们告诉数据库用GROUP BY怎样给数据分组或者分类,当我们在SELECT语句的SELECT子句中使用组函数时,我们必须把为分组或非常数列放置在GROUP BY子句中,如果没有用group by进行专门处理,那么缺省的分类是将整个结果设为一类。
451![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
452
select
stat,counter(
*
) zip_count
from
zip_codes
GROUP
BY
state;
453![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
454
ST ZIP_COUNT
455
--
---------
456
AK
360
457
AL
1212
458
AR
1309
459
AZ
768
460
CA
3982
461![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
462
在这个例子中,我们用state字段分类;如果我们要将结果按照zip_codes排序,可以用ORDER BY语句,
ORDER
BY子句可以使用列或组函数。
463![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
464
select
stat,counter(
*
) zip_count
from
zip_codes
GROUP
BY
state
ORDER
BY
COUNT
(
*
)
DESC
;
465![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
466
ST
COUNT
(
*
)
467
--
--------
468
NY
4312
469
PA
4297
470
TX
4123
471
CA
3982
472![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
473
用HAVING子句限制分组数据
474![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
475
现在你已经知道了在查询的SELECT语句和ORDER BY子句中使用主函数,组函数只能用于两个子串中,组函数不能用于WHERE子串中,例如下面的查询是错误的 :
476![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
477
错误
478
SELECT
sales_clerk,SUN(sale_amount)
FROM
gross_sales
WHERE
sales_dept
=
'
OUTSIDE
'
AND
SUM
(sale_amount)
>
10000
GROUP
BY
sales_clerk
479
480![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
481
这个语句中数据库不知道SUM()是什么,当我们需要指示数据库对行分组,然后限制分组后的行的输出时,正确的方法是使用HAVING语句:
482![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
483
SELECT
sales_clerk,SUN(sale_amount)
484
FROM
gross_sales
485
WHERE
sales_dept
=
'
OUTSIDE
'
486
GROUP
BY
sales_clerk
487
HAVING
SUM
(sale_amount)
>
10000
;
488![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
489
嵌套函数
490![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
491
函数可以嵌套。一个函数的输出可以是另一个函数的输入。操作数有一个可继承的执行过程。但函数的优先权只是基于位置,函数遵循由内到外,由左到右的原则。嵌套技术一般用于象DECODE这样的能被用于逻辑判断语句IF
.
THEN
ELSE的函数。
492![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
493
嵌套函数可以包括在组函数中嵌套单行函数,或者组函数嵌套入单行函数或组函数中。比如下面的例子:
494![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
495
SELECT
deptno, GREATEST(
COUNT
(
DISTINCT
job),
COUNT
(
DISTINCT
mgr) cnt,
496
COUNT
(
DISTINCT
job) jobs,
497
COUNT
(
DISTINCT
mgr) mgrs
498
FROM
emp
499
GROUP
BY
deptno;
500![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
501
DEPTNO CNT JOBS MGRS
502
--
---- --- ---- ----
503
10
4
4
2
504
20
4
3
4
505
30
3
3
2
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
2
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
3
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
4
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
5
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
6
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
7
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
8
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
9
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
10
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
11
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
12
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
13
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
14
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
15
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
16
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
17
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
18
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
19
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
20
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
21
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
22
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
23
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
24
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
25
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
26
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
27
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
28
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
29
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
30
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
31
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
32
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
33
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
34
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
35
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
36
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
37
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
38
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
39
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
40
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
41
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
42
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
43
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
44
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
45
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
46
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
47
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
48
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
49
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
50
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
51
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
52
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
53
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
54
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
55
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
56
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
57
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58
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
59
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
60
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
61
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
62
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63
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64
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65
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66
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67
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
68
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
69
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
70
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
71
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
72
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
73
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
74
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75
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76
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77
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78
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79
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80
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81
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82
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83
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84
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
85
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86
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
87
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
88
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
89
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
90
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
91
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
92
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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98
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99
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
100
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
101
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102
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103
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104
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105
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106
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
107
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
108
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
109
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
110
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111
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112
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113
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114
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115
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116
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117
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118
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
119
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
120
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
121
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
122
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
123
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
124
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125
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
126
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
127
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483
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484
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485
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486
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
487
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
488
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
489
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
490
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
491
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
![dot.gif](/Images/dot.gif)
492
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
493
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
494
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
495
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
496
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
497
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
498
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
499
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
500
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
501
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
502
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
503
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
504
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)
505
![None.gif](/Images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif)