说明:
Linux系统中grep命令是一种强大的文本搜索工具,它能使用正则表达式搜索文本,并把匹配的行打印出来。工作中我们常常用它来过滤出我们想要的数据。
格式:
grep [OPTIONS]
基本参数:
-i 不区分大小写
-v 排除内容,即取反
-n 对匹配到的内容打印相应行号
-E 使用扩展正则表达式(相当于egrep)
-r 递归读取目录下的文件(即包括子目录下文件)
-c 对匹配到的行进行计数
-o 只显示匹配到的内容
-A (after)匹配输出内容行并输出内容行后的指定行
-B (before)匹配输出内容行并输出内容行前的指定行
-C (context)匹配输出内容行并输出内容行的前后指定行
--color 过滤的内容显示颜色
建议配置别名:
echo “alias grep=‘grep --color‘” >> /etc/profile //配置别名
source/etc/profile //重读文件使别名生效
效果:
[[email protected] test]#grep ".*" /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
常见用法:
① grep -ivnEoc… “匹配内容” 文件名
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "root" /etc/passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash11:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
② grep -r “匹配内容” 文件目录/*
[[email protected] ~]#grep -r "www" test/*
test/Caiyun.txt:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/test/dudu/3.txt:www.cnblog.com/caiyun
③ grep “匹配内容” -A 指定行 文件名
[[email protected] ~]#grep "root:x" -nA 5 /etc/passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash2-bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin3-daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin4-adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin5-lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin6-sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
④ 命令 | grep “匹配内容”
[[email protected] ~]#ps -ef |grep "sshd"
root1261 1 0 Dec12 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
扩展:
正则表达式是为处理大量字符串而定义的一套规则和方法,linux正则表达式常用于linux三剑客中。
测试场景模拟(直接复制粘贴即可):
cat >>text.txt<
My nameisCaiyun.
I like badminton, snooker, running
Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.
My blogis http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN
My qqis 791111890My mailis
View Code
一、基础正则表达式
^ 表示以...字符开头,^word
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "^My" text.txt
1:My name isCaiyun.5:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is [email protected]
$ 表示以...字符结尾,word$
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "\.$" text.txt
1:My name isCaiyun.4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.9:My mail is [email protected].
^$ 表示空字符,即可理解为空行
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "^$" text.txt
3:7:
. 表示匹配任意单个字符
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "b." text.txt
2:I like badminton, snooker, running4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.5:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN
\ 表示转义符
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "\.$" text.txt
1:My name isCaiyun.4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.9:My mail is [email protected].
* 表示重复前面0个或1个以上字符
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "bl*" text.txt
2:I like badminton, snooker, running4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.5:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN
.* 表示匹配所有
[[email protected] test]#grep -n ".*" text.txt
1:My name isCaiyun.2:I like badminton, snooker, running3:4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.5:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN7:8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is [email protected]
[] 表示匹配"[]"里面任意单个字符
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "[791]" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun111111@gmail.com.
[^] 表示取反"[^]"里面的任意单个字符
[[email protected] test]#echo Caiyun >> test2.txt
#echo 791111890 >> test2.txt
#grep -n "[^0-9]" test2.txt
1:Caiyun
[-] 表示匹配"[-]"里一段字符的任意单个字符,如[0-9]即0到9
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "[0-9]" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun111111@gmail.com.
1\{4\} 表示匹配字符 "1" 重复4次
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "1\{4\}" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun1111[email protected]
1\{5,\} 表示匹配字符 "1" 重复5次或5次以上
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "1\{5,\}" text.txt
9:My mail is Caiyun111111@gmail.com.
1\{,6\} 表示匹配字符 "1" 重复6次和6次以内
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "1\{,6\}" text.txt
1:My name isCaiyun.2:I like badminton, snooker, running3:4:Maybe I‘m not a smart person, but I‘m working hard.5:My blog is http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN7:8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun111111@gmail.com.
1\{3,5\} 表示匹配字符 "1" 重复3-5次
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "1\{3,5\}" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun11111[email protected]
二、扩展正则表达式
+ 表示重复 "一个或一个以上" 前面的所有字符("*"是0个)
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "11111*" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail isCaiyun111111@gmail.com.
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "11111\+" text.txt
9:My mail is Caiyun111111@gmail.com.
? 表示重复 "0个或一个" 前面的字符("."是有且只有1个)
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "11111." text.txt
9:My mail isCaiyun111111@gmail.com.
[[email protected] test]#grep -n "11111\?" text.txt
8:My qq is 791111890
9:My mail is Caiyun11111[email protected]
| 表示过滤多个字符串
[[email protected] test]#grep -nE "CAIYUN|mail" text.txt
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN9:My mail is#grep -n "CAIYUN\|mai" text.txt
6:Welcome to my blog! CAIYUN9:My mail is [email protected]mail.com.
一般情况下,当我们需要用到扩展正则表达式匹配符时,使用grep要加参数 ”-E”或用 “\”转译符转义匹配符
三、元字符
\b 边界字符,单词边界
[[email protected] test]#grep ‘Caiyun‘ text.txt
My nameisCaiyun.
My blogis http://www.cnblogs.com/Caiyundo/My mailis#grep ‘Caiyun\b‘ text.txt
My nameis Caiyun.
grep的用法还有很多,只要符合规则、逻辑,还可以和很多其他命令配合使用。
PS:要活学活用,多用多练。