SWIFT语言的概览

  1. Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
  2. Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
  3. Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
  4. Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。

Swift语言概览

基本概念

注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour

Hello, world

类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。

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println("Hello, world") 
变量与常量

Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。

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var myVariable = 42 myVariable = 50 let myConstant = 42 
类型推导

Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:

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let explicitDouble : Double = 70 

Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):

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let label = "The width is " let width = 94 let labelWidth = label + String(width) 
字符串格式化

Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:

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let apples = 3 let oranges = 5 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples." let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit." 

数组和字典

Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):

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var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"] shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"  var occupations = [  "Malcolm": "Captain",  "Kaylee": "Mechanic", ] occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations" 

一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:

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let emptyArray = String[]() let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>() 

如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。

 

控制流

概览

Swift的条件语句包含ifswitch,循环语句包含for-inforwhiledo-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:

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let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12] var teamScore = 0 for score in individualScores {  if score > 50 {  teamScore += 3  } else {  teamScore += 1  } } 
可空类型

结合iflet,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。

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var optionalString: String? = "Hello" optionalString == nil  var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed" var gretting = "Hello!" if let name = optionalName {  gretting = "Hello, \(name)" } 
灵活的switch

Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:

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let vegetable = "red pepper" switch vegetable { case "celery":  let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log." case "cucumber", "watercress":  let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich." case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):  let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?" default:  let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup." } 
其它循环

for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:

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let interestingNumbers = [  "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],  "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],  "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25], ] var largest = 0 for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {  for number in numbers {  if number > largest {  largest = number  }  } } largest 

while循环和do-while循环:

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var n = 2 while n < 100 {  n = n * 2 } n  var m = 2 do {  m = m * 2 } while m < 100 m 

Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。

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var firstForLoop = 0 for i in 0..3 {  firstForLoop += i } firstForLoop  var secondForLoop = 0 for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {  secondForLoop += 1 } secondForLoop 

注意:Swift除了..还有.....生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。

函数和闭包

函数

Swift使用func关键字声明函数:

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func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {  return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } greet("Bob", "Tuesday") 

通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:

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func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {  return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79) } getGasPrices() 

支持带有变长参数的函数:

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func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {  var sum = 0  for number in numbers {  sum += number  }  return sum } sumOf() sumOf(42, 597, 12) 

函数也可以嵌套函数:

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func returnFifteen() -> Int {  var y = 10  func add() {  y += 5  }  add()  return y } returnFifteen() 

作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:

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func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {  func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {  return 1 + number  }  return addOne } var increment = makeIncrementer() increment(7) 
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func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {  for item in list {  if condition(item) {  return true  }  }  return false } func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {  return number < 10 } var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12] hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen) 
闭包

本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}声明匿名闭包:

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numbers.map({  (number: Int) -> Int in  let result = 3 * number  return result  }) 

当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:

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numbers.map({ number in 3 * number }) 

此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:

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sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 } 

类和对象

创建和使用类

Swift使用class创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:

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class Shape {
 var numberOfSides = 0  func simpleDescription() -> String {  return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."  } } 

创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。

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var shape = Shape() shape.numberOfSides = 7 var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription() 

通过init构建对象,既可以使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides)。

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class NamedShape {
 var numberOfSides: Int = 0  var name: String   init(name: String) {  self.name = name  }   func simpleDescription() -> String {  return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."  } } 

使用deinit进行清理工作。

继承和多态

Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):

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class Square: NamedShape {  var sideLength: Double   init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {  self.sideLength = sideLength  super.init(name: name)  numberOfSides = 4  }   func area() -> Double {  return sideLength * sideLength  }   override func simpleDescription() -> String {  return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."  } } let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square") test.area() test.simpleDescription() 

注意:如果这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。

属性

为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter字段:

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class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {  var sideLength: Double = 0.0   init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {  self.sideLength = sideLength  super.init(name: name)  numberOfSides = 3  }   var perimeter: Double {  get {  return 3.0 * sideLength  }  set {  sideLength = newValue / 3.0  }  }   override func simpleDescription() -> String {  return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."  } } var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle") triangle.perimeter triangle.perimeter = 9.9 triangle.sideLength 

注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue

willSet和didSet

EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了如下操作:

  1. 为子类型的属性赋值。
  2. 调用父类型的构造器。
  3. 修改父类型的属性。

如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSetdidSet

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class TriangleAndSquare {
 var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {  willSet {  square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength  }  }  var square: Square {  willSet {  triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength  }  }  init(size: Double, name: String) {  square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)  triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)  } } var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape") triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square") triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength 

从而保证trianglesquare拥有相等的sideLength

调用方法

Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:

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class Counter {
 var count: Int = 0  func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {  count += amount * times  } } var counter = Counter() counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7) 

注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。

?的另一种用途

使用可空值时,?可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,例如:

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let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square") let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength 

optionalSquarenil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。

枚举和结构

枚举

使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:

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enum Rank: Int {  case Ace = 1  case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten  case Jack, Queen, King  func simpleDescription() -> String {  switch self {  case .Ace:  return "ace"  case .Jack:  return "jack"  case .Queen:  return "queen"  case .King:  return "king"  default:  return String(self.toRaw())  }  } } let ace = Rank.Ace let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw() 

使用toRawfromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:

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if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {  let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription() } 

注意枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必然关联。

一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时可以直接忽略原始值:

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enum Suit {
 case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs  func simpleDescription() -> String {  switch self {  case .Spades:  return "spades"  case .Hearts:  return "hearts"  case .Diamonds:  return "diamonds"  case .Clubs:  return "clubs"  }  } } let hearts = Suit.Hearts let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription() 

除了可以关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员可以有不同的关联的值:

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enum ServerResponse {
 case Result(String, String)  case Error(String) }  let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm") let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")  switch success {  case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):  let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."  case let .Error(error):  let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)" } 
结构

Swift使用struct关键字创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大区别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。

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struct Card {
 var rank: Rank  var suit: Suit  func simpleDescription() -> String {  return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"  } } let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades) let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription() 

协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)

协议

Swift使用protocol定义协议:

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protocol ExampleProtocol {
 var simpleDescription: String { get }  mutating func adjust() } 

类型、枚举和结构都可以实现(adopt)协议:

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class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {  var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."  var anotherProperty: Int = 69105  func adjust() {  simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."  } } var a = SimpleClass() a.adjust() let aDescription = a.simpleDescription  struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {  var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"  mutating func adjust() {  simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"  } } var b = SimpleStructure() b.adjust() let bDescription = b.simpleDescription 
扩展

扩展用于在已有的类型上增加新的功能(比如新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:

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extension Int: ExampleProtocol {  var simpleDescription: String {  return "The number \(self)"  }  mutating func adjust() {  self += 42  } } 7.simpleDescription 

泛型(generics)

Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:

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func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {  var result = ItemType[]()  for i in 0..times {  result += item  }  return result } repeat("knock", 4) 

Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:

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// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<T> {  case None  case Some(T) } var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None possibleInteger = .Some(100) 

有时需要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比如需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描述这些需求:

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func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {  for lhsItem in lhs {  for rhsItem in rhs {  if lhsItem == rhsItem {  return true  }  }  }  return false } anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3]) 

Swift语言概览就到这里,有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language

接下来聊聊个人对Swift的一些感受。

感受

  1. 属性(Property)、可空值(Nullable type)语法和泛型(Generic Type)语法源自C#。
  2. 格式风格与Go相仿(没有句末的分号,判断条件不需要括号)。
  3. Python风格的当前实例引用语法(使用self)和列表字典声明语法。
  4. Haskell风格的区间声明语法(比如1..31...3)。
  5. 协议和扩展源自Objective-C(自家产品随便用)。
  6. 枚举类型很像Java(可以拥有成员或方法)。
  7. classstruct的概念和C#极其相似。

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/er-dai-ma-nong/p/4885481.html

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