- Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
- Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
- Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
- Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。
Swift语言概览
基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
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| println("Hello, world") |
变量与常量
Swift使用var
声明变量,let
声明常量。
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| var myVariable = 42 myVariable = 50 let myConstant = 42 |
类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:
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| let explicitDouble : Double = 70 |
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
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| let label = "The width is " let width = 94 let labelWidth = label + String(width) |
字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)
的形式进行字符串格式化:
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| let apples = 3 let oranges = 5 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples." let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit." |
数组和字典
Swift使用[]
操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
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6 7 8 | var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"] shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water" var occupations = [ "Malcolm": "Captain", "Kaylee": "Mechanic", ] occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations" |
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
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| let emptyArray = String[]() let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>() |
如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]
声明空数组,使用[:]
声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包含if
和switch
,循环语句包含for-in
、for
、while
和do-while
,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:
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6 7 8 9 | let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12] var teamScore = 0 for score in individualScores { if score > 50 { teamScore += 3 } else { teamScore += 1 } } |
可空类型
结合if
和let
,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?
显式标明该类型可空。
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6 7 8 | var optionalString: String? = "Hello" optionalString == nil var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed" var gretting = "Hello!" if let name = optionalName { gretting = "Hello, \(name)" } |
灵活的switch
Swift中的switch
支持各种各样的比较操作:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 | let vegetable = "red pepper" switch vegetable { case "celery": let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log." case "cucumber", "watercress": let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich." case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"): let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?" default: let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup." } |
其它循环
for-in
除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | let interestingNumbers = [ "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13], "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8], "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25], ] var largest = 0 for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers { for number in numbers { if number > largest { largest = number } } } largest |
while
循环和do-while
循环:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 | var n = 2 while n < 100 { n = n * 2 } n var m = 2 do { m = m * 2 } while m < 100 m |
Swift支持传统的for
循环,此外也可以通过结合..
(生成一个区间)和for-in
实现同样的逻辑。
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6 7 8 9 10 11 | var firstForLoop = 0 for i in 0..3 { firstForLoop += i } firstForLoop var secondForLoop = 0 for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i { secondForLoop += 1 } secondForLoop |
注意:Swift除了..
还有...
:..
生成前闭后开的区间,而...
生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用func
关键字声明函数:
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| func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String { return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } greet("Bob", "Tuesday") |
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
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| func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) { return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79) } getGasPrices() |
支持带有变长参数的函数:
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6 7 8 9 | func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int { var sum = 0 for number in numbers { sum += number } return sum } sumOf() sumOf(42, 597, 12) |
函数也可以嵌套函数:
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6 7 8 9 | func returnFifteen() -> Int { var y = 10 func add() { y += 5 } add() return y } returnFifteen() |
作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:
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6 7 8 | func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) { func addOne(number: Int) -> Int { return 1 + number } return addOne } var increment = makeIncrementer() increment(7) |
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool { for item in list { if condition(item) { return true } } return false } func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool { return number < 10 } var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12] hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen) |
闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}
声明匿名闭包:
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| numbers.map({ (number: Int) -> Int in let result = 3 * number return result }) |
当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
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| numbers.map({ number in 3 * number }) |
此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:
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| sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 } |
类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class
创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:
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6 | class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0 func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } } |
创建Shape
类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
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| var shape = Shape() shape.numberOfSides = 7 var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription() |
通过init
构建对象,既可以使用self
显式引用成员字段(name
),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides
)。
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0 var name: String init(name: String) { self.name = name } func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } } |
使用deinit
进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override
父类方法):
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | class Square: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double init(sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init(name: name) numberOfSides = 4 } func area() -> Double { return sideLength * sideLength } override func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square") test.area() test.simpleDescription() |
注意:如果这里的simpleDescription
方法没有被标识为override
,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter
字段:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double = 0.0 init(sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init(name: name) numberOfSides = 3 } var perimeter: Double { get { return 3.0 * sideLength } set { sideLength = newValue / 3.0 } } override func simpleDescription() -> String { return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle") triangle.perimeter triangle.perimeter = 9.9 triangle.sideLength |
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue
。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle
的构造器进行了如下操作:
- 为子类型的属性赋值。
- 调用父类型的构造器。
- 修改父类型的属性。
如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet
和didSet
:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle: EquilateralTriangle { willSet { square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } var square: Square { willSet { triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } init(size: Double, name: String) { square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name) triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name) } } var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape") triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square") triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength |
从而保证triangle
和square
拥有相等的sideLength
。
调用方法
Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:
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6 7 8 | class Counter {
var count: Int = 0 func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) { count += amount * times } } var counter = Counter() counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7) |
注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes
面向外部,times
面向内部。
?的另一种用途
使用可空值时,?
可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?
前的值为nil
,那么?
后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil
,例如:
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| let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square") let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength |
当optionalSquare
为nil
时,sideLength
属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum
创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | enum Rank: Int { case Ace = 1 case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten case Jack, Queen, King func simpleDescription() -> String { switch self { case .Ace: return "ace" case .Jack: return "jack" case .Queen: return "queen" case .King: return "king" default: return String(self.toRaw()) } } } let ace = Rank.Ace let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw() |
使用toRaw
和fromRaw
在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
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| if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) { let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription() } |
注意枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必然关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时可以直接忽略原始值:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | enum Suit {
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs func simpleDescription() -> String { switch self { case .Spades: return "spades" case .Hearts: return "hearts" case .Diamonds: return "diamonds" case .Clubs: return "clubs" } } } let hearts = Suit.Hearts let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription() |
除了可以关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员可以有不同的关联的值:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | enum ServerResponse {
case Result(String, String) case Error(String) } let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm") let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.") switch success { case let .Result(sunrise, sunset): let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)." case let .Error(error): let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)" } |
结构
Swift使用struct
关键字创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大区别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
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6 7 8 9 | struct Card {
var rank: Rank var suit: Suit func simpleDescription() -> String { return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())" } } let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades) let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription() |
协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol
定义协议:
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| protocol ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String { get } mutating func adjust() } |
类型、枚举和结构都可以实现(adopt)协议:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class." var anotherProperty: Int = 69105 func adjust() { simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted." } } var a = SimpleClass() a.adjust() let aDescription = a.simpleDescription struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure" mutating func adjust() { simpleDescription += " (adjusted)" } } var b = SimpleStructure() b.adjust() let bDescription = b.simpleDescription |
扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上增加新的功能(比如新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension
声明扩展:
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6 7 8 9 | extension Int: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { return "The number \(self)" } mutating func adjust() { self += 42 } } 7.simpleDescription |
泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>
来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
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6 7 8 | func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] { var result = ItemType[]() for i in 0..times { result += item } return result } repeat("knock", 4) |
Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
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6 7 | // Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<T> { case None case Some(T) } var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None possibleInteger = .Some(100) |
有时需要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比如需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where
描述这些需求:
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6 7 8 9 10 11 | func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool { for lhsItem in lhs { for rhsItem in rhs { if lhsItem == rhsItem { return true } } } return false } anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3]) |
Swift语言概览就到这里,有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language。
接下来聊聊个人对Swift的一些感受。
感受
- 属性(Property)、可空值(Nullable type)语法和泛型(Generic Type)语法源自C#。
- 格式风格与Go相仿(没有句末的分号,判断条件不需要括号)。
- Python风格的当前实例引用语法(使用
self
)和列表字典声明语法。 - Haskell风格的区间声明语法(比如
1..3
,1...3
)。 - 协议和扩展源自Objective-C(自家产品随便用)。
- 枚举类型很像Java(可以拥有成员或方法)。
class
和struct
的概念和C#极其相似。