Python学习笔记：外部数据的输入、存储等操作

查看current工作路径：

1 >>> import os
2 >>> os.getcwd()
3 'D:\\python'

更改工作路径：

1 >>> os.chdir('E:\\forpython') # 要用双斜杠

读入文件：

 1 >>> red_data = open('《红楼梦》.txt')
 2 >>> print(red_data.readline())
 3 《红楼梦》
 4 >>> print(red_data.readline())
 5 曹雪芹 　高鄂  著
 6 >>>print(red_data.readline())
 7 第一回  甄士隐梦幻识通灵　贾雨村风尘怀闺秀
 8 >>> red_data.seek(0)
 9 0
10 >>> print(red_data.readline())
11 《红楼梦》

刷屏了。。。

1 >>> for each_line in red_data:
2     print(red_data.readline(),end = '\t')

处理完了之后：

1 >>> red_data.close()

对字符串的split：

1 >>> test = 'man said:\'how are you\''
2 >>> test
3 "man said:'how are you'"
4 >>> (role,line_spoken) = test.split(":") # 多重赋值
5 >>> role
6 'man said'
7 >>> line_spoken
8 "'how are you'"

head frist Python里面文件的资源链接：http://python.itcarlow.ie/resources.html

查看BulitInFunction的帮助文档：

1 >>> help(test.split)

很奇怪，用help(split)会报错。。。这个有待研究

1 >>> help("split")
2 No Python documentation found for 'split'.
3 Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
4 Use help(str) for help on the str class.

看看help()会有什么结果：

 1 >>> help()
 2 
 3 Welcome to Python 3.6's help utility!
 4 
 5 If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
 6 the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/3.6/tutorial/.
 7 
 8 Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
 9 Python programs and using Python modules.  To quit this help utility and
10 return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
11 
12 To get a list of available modules, keywords, symbols, or topics, type
13 "modules", "keywords", "symbols", or "topics".  Each module also comes
14 with a one-line summary of what it does; to list the modules whose name
15 or summary contain a given string such as "spam", type "modules spam".
16 
17 help> 

1 help> split
2 No Python documentation found for 'split'.
3 Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
4 Use help(str) for help on the str class.

没办法。。。去百度一下吧

1 help("open")

这样用在split上还是会报错。。。不管了

打开在headfirst Python support site下载的sketch.txt，跑一下程序：

1 >>> data = open('sketch.txt')
2 >>> for each_line in data:
3     (role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
4     print(role,end=' ')
5     print(' said:',end=' ')
6     print(line_spoken,end=' ')
7 >>> data.close()

打印一部分后会报错：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#14>", line 2, in <module>
    (role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 2, got 1)

因为这一段中没有':'

解决办法：

1 >>> for each_line in data:
2     if not each_line.find(':') == -1:  # 返回要查找字符所在的位置
3         (role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
4         print(role,end=' ')
5         print(' said:',end=' ')
6         print(line_spoken,end=' ')

检查文件是否存在：

1 >>> os.path.exists('123.xlsx')

异常错误处理机制：

1 >>> for each_line in data:
2     try:
3         (role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
4         print(role,end=' ')
5         print(' said:',end=' ')
6         print(line_spoken,end=' ')
7     except:
8         pass

指定处理异常的类型：

>>> for each_line in data:
    try:
        (role,line_spoken) = each_line.split(':',1)
        print(role,end=' ')
        print(' said:',end=' ')
        print(line_spoken,end=' ')
    except ValueError:
        pass

分别将两个人的台词保存到两个列表中：

 1 >>> man=[]
 2 >>> other_man=[]
 3 >>> for each_line in data:
 4     try:
 5         (role,line_spoken)=each_line.split(':',1)
 6         line_spoken=line_spoken.strip()
 7         if role=='Man':
 8             man.append(line_spoken)
 9         elif role=='Other Man':
10             other_man.append(line_spoken)
11     except ValueError:
12         pass

写出文件：

1 >>> out1=open('man.txt','w')
2 >>> out2=open('other_man.txt','w')
3 >>> print(man,file=out1)
4 >>> print(other_man,file=out2)
5 >>> out1.close()
6 >>> out2.close()

完成写入后一定要关闭文件，即：out1.close() 这称为刷新输出

 1 >>> try:
 2     man_file=open('man\'s word.txt','w')
 3     other_file=open('other man\'s word.txt','w')
 4     print(man,file=man_file)
 5     print(other_man,file=other_file)
 6 
 7 except IOError:
 8     print('File error')
 9 finally:
10     man_file.close()
11     other_file.close()

使用finally确保文件的关闭

打印异常错误：

1 except IOError as err:
2     print('File error:'+err)

使用with：

1 >>> try:
2     with open('1.txt','w') as data1:
3         print(man,file=data1)
4     with open('2.txt','w') as data2:
5         print(other_man,file=data2)
6 except IOError as err:
7     print('file error: ',str(err))

不需要close了，这样代码更简洁

修改上次的print_it_all，

1 >>> def print_it_all(thelist,indent=False,level=0,fn=sys.stdout):
2     for each_item in thelist:
3         if isinstance(each_item,list):
4             print_it_all(each_item,indent,level+1,fn)
5         else:
6             if indent:
7                 for tap_stop in range(level):
8                     print('\t',end='',file=fn)
9             print(each_item,file=fn)

再用print_it_all把数据输出到外部文件：

1 >>> with open('aaa.txt','w') as mdf:
2     print_it_all(man,fn=mdf)

pickle：个人理解是对数据的封装（封装就是只能通过Python打开这个文件），并且持久的储存数据

1 >>> with open('man_data.txt','wb') as man_file:2     pickle.dump(man,man_file)
3 
5 >>> new_man=[]
6 >>> with open('man_data.txt','rb') as man_file:
7     new_man=pickle.load(man_file)

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/hahaxzy9500/p/6700410.html