实践1:信号量实现进程互斥
父子进程执行流程如下:
父进程 | 子进程 |
P | P |
O(print) | X(print) |
sleep | sleep |
O(print) | X(print) |
V | V |
sleep | sleep |
从图中可以看出, O或X总是成对出现的, 要么两个O, 要么两个X;
/**P,V原语实现父子进程互斥使用终端**/
// 程序代码
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int semid = sem_create(IPC_PRIVATE);
sem_setval(semid, 1);
int count = 10;
pid_t pid = fork();
if (pid == -1)
err_exit("fork error");
else if (pid > 0) //子进程
{
srand(getpid());
while (count --)
{
sem_P(semid);
//临界区开始
cout << 'X';
fflush(stdout); //一定要加上ffflush, 因为中断是行缓冲的
sleep(rand()%3);
cout << 'X';
fflush(stdout);
//临界区结束
sem_V(semid);
sleep(rand()%3);
}
}
else //父进程
{
srand(getpid());
while (count --)
{
sem_P(semid);
//临界区开始
cout << 'O';
fflush(stdout);
sleep(rand()%3);
cout << 'O';
fflush(stdout);
//临界区结束
sem_V(semid);
sleep(rand()%3);
}
wait(NULL);
sem_delete(semid);
}
return 0;
}
实践2: 信号量集解决哲学家进餐问题
假设有五位哲学家围坐在一张圆形餐桌旁,做以下两件事情之一:吃饭,或者思考。吃东西的时候,他们就停止思考,思考的时候也停止吃东西。每两个哲学家之间有一只餐叉。因为用一只餐叉很难吃饭,所以假设哲学家必须用两只餐叉吃东西, 而且他们只能使用自己左右手边的那两只餐叉。
/**
解决的方法采用的是: 只有左右两个刀叉都能够使用时,才拿起两个刀叉
实现了有死锁和无死锁的两种形式的wait_2fork(见下)
**/
int semid;
//没有死锁的wait
void wait_2fork(unsigned short no)
{
unsigned short left = no;
unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
struct sembuf sops[2] = {{left, -1, 0}, {right, -1, 0}};
//同时获取左右两把刀叉
if (semop(semid, sops, 2) == -1)
err_exit("wait_2fork error");
}
/*
//有死锁的wait
void wait_2fork(unsigned short no)
{
unsigned short left = no;
unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
struct sembuf sops = {left, -1, 0};
//获取左边的刀叉
if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
err_exit("wait_2fork error");
sleep(4); //沉睡几秒, 加速死锁的产生
sops.sem_num = right;
//获取右边的刀叉
if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
err_exit("wait_2fork error");
}
*/
//释放两把刀叉
void signal_2fork(unsigned short no)
{
unsigned short left = no;
unsigned short right = (no+1)%5;
struct sembuf sops[2] = {{left, 1, 0}, {right, 1, 0}};
if (semop(semid, sops, 2) == -1)
err_exit("signal_2fork error");
}
//哲学家
void philosopher(unsigned short no)
{
srand(time(NULL));
while (true)
{
cout << no << " is thinking" << endl;
sleep(rand()%5+1);
cout << no << " is hunger" << endl;
wait_2fork(no); //获取两把刀叉
//进餐
cout << "++ " << no << " is eating" << endl;
sleep(rand()%5+1);
signal_2fork(no);//释放两把刀叉
}
}
int main()
{
// 创建一个信号量集: 里面包含5个信号量
semid = semget(IPC_PRIVATE, 5, IPC_CREAT|0666);
if (semid == -1)
err_exit("semget error");
//将每个信号量都设初值为1
union semun su;
su.val = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
if (semctl(semid, i, SETVAL, su) == -1)
err_exit("semctl SETVAL error");
//创建四个子进程, 将每个进程的编号设定为no
pid_t pid;
unsigned short no = 0;
for (unsigned short i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
pid = fork();
if (pid == -1)
err_exit("fork error");
else if (pid == 0)
{
no = i+1;
break;
}
}
// 最后五个进程(4个子进程+1个父进程)都会汇集到此处,
// 每个进程代表着一个哲学家,编号no: 0~4
philosopher(no);
return 0;
}