一、Form补充
class IndexForm(forms.Form): # c = [ # (1, 'CEO'), # (2, 'CTO') # ] # 静态字段，属于IndexForm类,即使数据库增加页面不会显示 c = models.UserType.objects.all().values_list('id','caption') user_type_id = forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.Select(choices=c)) # 需要加上构造方法 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): #父类构造方法：1.获取所有的静态字段 2.fields = [] super(IndexForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) #print(self.fields['user_type_id'].widget.choices) self.fields['user_type_id'].widget.choices = models.UserType.objects.all().values_list('id','caption') def index(request): form = IndexForm() return render(request, 'index.html', {'form':form})
二、数据操作之F/Q
创建数据：
def index(request): for i in range(10): models.UserType.objects.create(caption='CE'+str(i)) c = models.UserType.objects.all().count() print(c)
导入F/Q:
from django.db.models import F,Q
单表操作：
q1 = Q() q1.connector = 'OR' q1.children.append(('id', 1)) q1.children.append(('id', 2)) q1.children.append(('id', 3)) obj = models.UserType.objects.filter(q1) for item in obj: print(item.id, item.caption)
连表操作：
con = Q() q1 = Q() q1.connector = 'OR' q1.children.append(('id', 1)) q1.children.append(('id', 2)) q1.children.append(('id', 3)) q2 = Q() q2.connector = 'OR' q2.children.append(('caption', 'CE1')) q2.children.append(('caption', 'CE2')) con.add(q1, 'AND') con.add(q2, 'AND') obj = models.UserType.objects.filter(con)
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django import forms from app01 import models from django.db.models import F,Q import time from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page # Create your views here. class IndexForm(forms.Form): # c = [ # (1, 'CEO'), # (2, 'CTO') # ] # 静态字段，属于IndexForm类,即使数据库增加页面不会显示 c = models.UserType.objects.all().values_list('id','caption') user_type_id = forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.Select(choices=c)) # 需要加上构造方法 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): #父类构造方法：1.获取所有的静态字段 2.fields = [] super(IndexForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) #print(self.fields['user_type_id'].widget.choices) self.fields['user_type_id'].widget.choices = models.UserType.objects.all().values_list('id','caption') def index(request): # for i in range(10): # models.UserType.objects.create(caption='CE'+str(i)) # c = models.UserType.objects.all().count() # print(c) form = IndexForm() """ q1 = Q() q1.connector = 'OR' q1.children.append(('id', 1)) q1.children.append(('id', 2)) q1.children.append(('id', 3)) obj = models.UserType.objects.filter(q1) for item in obj: print(item.id, item.caption) """ con = Q() q1 = Q() q1.connector = 'OR' q1.children.append(('id', 1)) q1.children.append(('id', 2)) q1.children.append(('id', 3)) q2 = Q() q2.connector = 'OR' q2.children.append(('caption', 'CE1')) q2.children.append(('caption', 'CE2')) con.add(q1, 'AND') con.add(q2, 'AND') obj = models.UserType.objects.filter(con) for item in obj: print(item.id, item.caption) return render(request, 'index.html', {'form':form})
三、Model对多对操作
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class UserType(models.Model): caption = models.CharField(max_length=16) class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=32) pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32) user_type = models.ForeignKey('UserType') #多对多 #自己创建 # class B2G(models.Model): # b_id = models.ForeignKey('Boy') # g_id = models.ForeignKey('Girl') # 1 小明 # 2 小黑 # 3 小军 class Boy(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=16) # 1 芳芳 # 2 珠珠 # 3 哈哈 class Girl(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=16) #自动创建第三张表 b = models.ManyToManyField('Boy')
方式一：自己创建
class B2G(models.Model): b_id = models.ForeignKey('Boy') g_id = models.ForeignKey('Girl') class Boy(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=16) class Girl(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=16)
方式二：自动创建
class Boy(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=16) #girl_set class Girl(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=16) b = models.ManyToManyField('Boy')
新增：
正向： g1 = models.Girl.objects.get(id=1) b1 = models.Boy.objects.get(id=1) g1.b.add(b1) bs = models.Boy.objects.all() g1.b.add(*bs) g1.b.add(1) g1.b.add(*[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]) 反向： b1 = models.Boy.objects.get(id=1) #因ManyToManyField所以隐含_set b1.girl_set.add(1) b1.girl_set.add(models.Girl.objects.all()) b1.girl_set.add(*[1,2,3,4,5])
删除：
g1 = models.Girl.objects.get(id=1) g1.b.clear() #全部清空和girl ID=1所关联的所有数据 g1.b.remove(2) g1.b.remove(*[1,2])
查询：
g1 = models.Girl.objects.get(id=1) #SQL g1.b.all() #SQL g1.b.filter().count() b1 = models.Boy.objects.get(id=1) b1.girl_set.all() models.Girl.objects.all().values('id', 'name','b__username') models.Boy.objects.all().values('id', 'username','girl__name')
更新：
ORM: python操作数据库模块： MySQLdb pymysql
原生SQL： from django.db import connection cursor = conection.cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from tb where name = %s""", ['Lennon']) row = cursor.fetchone()
四、中间件
配置文件: MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = 写类： process_request process_view process_exception process_response 1.10 配置文件： MIDDLEWARE = 原版本： 如果process_request中有return，则所有的process_response执行一遍
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware', 'md.sa.M1', 'md.sa.M2', 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware', ]
路径：/project_dir/md/sa.py
from django.utils import deprecation class M1(deprecation.MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print('M1.process_request') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('M1.process_view') def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('M1.process_exception') def process_response(self, request, response): print('M1.process_response') return response def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('M1.process_template_response') class M2(deprecation.MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): print('M2.process_request') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('M2.process_view') def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('M2.process_exception') def process_response(self, request, response): print('M2.process_response') return response def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('M2.process_template_response')
def md(request): print('views.md') #return HttpResponse('ok') obj = HttpResponse('OK') #如果obj中有render方法则执行中间件的process_template_response #render(request,'index.html') #render_to_response('index')会执行process_template_response return obj
五、缓存
6种方式：
1.开发调试 2.内存 3.文件 4.数据库 5.memcache缓存（python-memcached模块） 6.memcache缓存（pylibmc模块）
#单独页面缓存 #@cache_page(5) def cache1(request): c = time.time() from Day20 import pizza_done pizza_done.send(sender='seven', toppings=123, size=456) return render(request, 'cache.html', {'c':c})
全站缓存 CACHES = { 'default':{ 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache', 'LOCATION': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'cache') } }
{% load cache %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>{{ c }}</h1> <div style="border: 1px solid red; height: 50px;"> {% cache 5 views_h %} <h1>{{ c }}</h1> {% endcache %} </div> </body> </html>
六、信号
对于Django内置的信号，仅需注册指定信号，当程序执行相应操作时，自动触发注册函数：
from django.core.signals import request_finished from django.core.signals import request_started from django.core.signals import got_request_exception from django.db.models.signals import class_prepared from django.db.models.signals import pre_init, post_init from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save from django.db.models.signals import pre_delete, post_delete from django.db.models.signals import m2m_changed from django.db.models.signals import pre_migrate, post_migrate from django.test.signals import setting_changed from django.test.signals import template_rendered from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("xxoo_callback") print(sender,kwargs) import django.dispatch pizza_done = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["toppings", "size"]) def callback1(sender, **kwargs): print("callback1") print(sender, kwargs) pizza_done.connect(callback1)
自定义信号：
a. 定义信号
import django.dispatch pizza_done = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["toppings", "size"])
b. 注册信号
def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("callback") print(sender,kwargs) pizza_done.connect(callback)
c. 触发信号
from 路径 import pizza_done pizza_done.send(sender='haha',toppings=456, size=789)
由于内置信号的触发者已经集成到Django中，所以其会自动调用，而对于自定义信号则需要开发者在任意位置触发。
七、自定义分页
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <style> .pager a{ display: inline-block; padding: 5px; background-color: blue; margin: 2px; } .pager a.active{ background-color: orangered; } </style> </head> <body> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>名称</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {% for item in type_list %} <tr> <td>{{ item.id }}</td> <td>{{ item.caption }}</td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> <div class="pager"> {{ str_page }} </div> </body> </html>
def page(request): # for i in range(25, 100): # models.UserType.objects.create(caption='CO'+str(i)) current_page = request.GET.get('p',1) current_page = int(current_page) #每页显示10条数据 #第一页0，10 start = (current_page - 1) * 10 end = current_page * 10 type_list = models.UserType.objects.all()[start:end] #将所有的页码显示在页面上 total_item = models.UserType.objects.all().count() a,b = divmod(total_item, 10) if b == 0: pass else: a = a + 1 list_page = [] if current_page <= 1: prev = "<a href='javascript:void(0);'>上一页</a>" else: prev = "<a href='/page?p=%s'>上一页</a>" % (current_page-1,) list_page.append(prev) for i in range(1,a+1): if i == current_page: temp = "<a class='active' href='/page?p=%s'>第%s页</a>" % (i, i,) else: temp = "<a href='/page?p=%s'>第%s页</a>" % (i,i,) list_page.append(temp) str_page = ''.join(list_page) from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe str_page = mark_safe(str_page) return render(request, 'page.html', {'type_list':type_list, 'str_page': str_page})
详见武sir博客：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5246483.html
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