extension(类扩展)和 category(类别)

extension(类扩展)

 



简单来说,extension在.m文件中添加,所以其权限为private,所以只能拿到源码的类添加extension。另外extension是编译时决议,和interface和implement里的代码融合在一块了一般。
category(类别)

category能在不继承类的情况下给类动态添加方法。
1、创建category

 



关于@dynamic的特性及用法可参考:
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_28446287/article/details/79094491
2、category的优缺点

    可以将类的实现代码分散到多个不同的文件或框架中
    

 



    创建对私有方法的前向引用
    OC语法中,你不能对一个类的方法定义为private,只有+、-,对实例变量可以private、public。
    具体可参考此文档http://www.cnblogs.com/stevenwuzheng/p/5457487.html

    向对象添加非正式协议
    对NSObject进行一个类别叫做非正式协议,可以只实现想要的方法

3、category在runtime中的源码

typedef struct objc_category *Category;

    1

struct objc_category 
{
    //类别的名字
    char * _Nonnull category_name                            OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //该类的名字
    char * _Nonnull class_name                               OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //实例方法列表
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable instance_methods     OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //类方法列表
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable class_methods        OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //协议列表
    struct objc_protocol_list * _Nullable protocols          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
}                                                            OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;


明显看出,Category没有容纳变量的地方。
4、category的原理

objective-c的运行依赖runtime,runtime依赖于dyld动态加载,查看objc-os.mm文件发现其调用栈如下:

void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;

    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init();
    tls_init();
    static_init();
    lock_init();
    exception_init();

    // Register for unmap first, in case some +load unmaps something
    _dyld_register_func_for_remove_image(&unmap_image);
    dyld_register_image_state_change_handler(dyld_image_state_bound,
                                             1/*batch*/, &map_2_images);
    dyld_register_image_state_change_handler(dyld_image_state_dependents_initialized, 0/*not batch*/, &load_images);
}


category被附加到类上是在map_images的时候发生的。在new-ABI的标准下,_objc_init函数里调用的map_iamges最终会调用objc-runtime-new.mm中的_read_images函数。_read_images中部分代码:

 // Discover categories. 
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        category_t **catlist = 
            _getObjc2CategoryList(hi, &count);
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            category_t *cat = catlist[i];
            Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);

            if (!cls) {
                // Category's target class is missing (probably weak-linked).
                // Disavow any knowledge of this category.
                catlist[i] = nil;
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: IGNORING category \?\?\?(%s) %p with "
                                 "missing weak-linked target class", 
                                 cat->name, cat);
                }
                continue;
            }

            // Process this category. 
            // First, register the category with its target class. 
            // Then, rebuild the class's method lists (etc) if 
            // the class is realized. 
            bool classExists = NO;
            if (cat->instanceMethods ||  cat->protocols  
                ||  cat->instanceProperties) 
            {
                addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls, hi);
                if (cls->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls);
                    classExists = YES;
                }
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category -%s(%s) %s", 
                                 cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name, 
                                 classExists ? "on existing class" : "");
                }
            }

            if (cat->classMethods  ||  cat->protocols  
                /* ||  cat->classProperties */) 
            {
                addUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls->ISA(), hi);
                if (cls->ISA()->isRealized()) {
                    remethodizeClass(cls->ISA());
                }
                if (PrintConnecting) {
                    _objc_inform("CLASS: found category +%s(%s)", 
                                 cls->nameForLogging(), cat->name);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover categories");


从代码可以看出:

将category和它的主类(或元类)注册到哈希表中.
如果主类(或元类)已经实现,那么重建它的方列表。

category中的实例方法和属性被整合到主类中,而类方法被整合到元类中。而协议被同时整合到了主类和元类中。

/***********************************************************************
* remethodizeClass
* Attach outstanding categories to an existing class.
* Fixes up cls's method list, protocol list, and property list.
* Updates method caches for cls and its subclasses.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller
**********************************************************************/
static void remethodizeClass(Class cls)
{
    category_list *cats;
    bool isMeta;

    runtimeLock.assertWriting();

    isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();

    // Re-methodizing: check for more categories
    if ((cats = unattachedCategoriesForClass(cls, false/*not realizing*/))) {
        if (PrintConnecting) {
            _objc_inform("CLASS: attaching categories to class '%s' %s", 
                         cls->nameForLogging(), isMeta ? "(meta)" : "");
        }

        attachCategories(cls, cats, true /*flush caches*/);        
        free(cats);
    }
}



如注释所说,此函数将未处理的category整合到主类(或元类),整合cls的方法、协议、属性列表,更新cls及其子类的方法缓存。

查看其中的attachCategories函数:

// Attach method lists and properties and protocols from categories to a class.
// Assumes the categories in cats are all loaded and sorted by load order, 
// oldest categories first.
static void 
attachCategories(Class cls, category_list *cats, bool flush_caches)
{
    if (!cats) return;
    if (PrintReplacedMethods) printReplacements(cls, cats);

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();

    // fixme rearrange to remove these intermediate allocations
    method_list_t **mlists = (method_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*mlists));
    property_list_t **proplists = (property_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*proplists));
    protocol_list_t **protolists = (protocol_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*protolists));

    // Count backwards through cats to get newest categories first
    int mcount = 0;
    int propcount = 0;
    int protocount = 0;
    int i = cats->count;
    bool fromBundle = NO;
    while (i--) {
        auto& entry = cats->list[i];

        method_list_t *mlist = entry.cat->methodsForMeta(isMeta);
        if (mlist) {
            mlists[mcount++] = mlist;
            fromBundle |= entry.hi->isBundle();
        }

        property_list_t *proplist = entry.cat->propertiesForMeta(isMeta);
        if (proplist) {
            proplists[propcount++] = proplist;
        }

        protocol_list_t *protolist = entry.cat->protocols;
        if (protolist) {
            protolists[protocount++] = protolist;
        }
    }

    auto rw = cls->data();

    prepareMethodLists(cls, mlists, mcount, NO, fromBundle);
    rw->methods.attachLists(mlists, mcount);
    free(mlists);
    if (flush_caches  &&  mcount > 0) flushCaches(cls);

    rw->properties.attachLists(proplists, propcount);
    free(proplists);

    rw->protocols.attachLists(protolists, protocount);
    free(protolists);
}


通过while循环,遍历所有的category,得每个category的方法列表mlist、proplist和protolist并存入主类(或元类)的mlists、proplists和protolists中。从而更新类的数据字段data()中mlist、proplist和protolist的值。

category没有替换掉原来类的方法,也就是说如果category和原来类有method1,那么在将category整合到原来类之后,类的method_list会有两个method1

category中的method1会被放在类的method_list前面,而原来类的method1被放 到了method_list后面,在调用时候会先调用method_list前面的,所以看起来是将原来类的method1覆盖了,实际上并不是那么回事。
5、category的两个面试题

3.1 一个类和它的category同时拥有一个方法,在调用时候调用哪一个?答案参考“2、category的原理”

3.2 一个类有多个category并都拥有同一个方法,在调用时候调用哪一个?答案参考“2、category的原理”

举个例子:

//#import "type.m"
- (void)test
{
    NSLog(@"type class!!");
}

//#import "type+xxxx.m"
- (void)test
{
    NSLog(@"category xxxx");
}

//#import "type+xxxx1.m"
- (void)test
{
    NSLog(@"category xxxx1");
}

//#import "type+xxxx2.m"
- (void)test
{
    NSLog(@"category xxxx2");
}


 


 


 



可以知道,输出的结果跟compile source文件中的category的.m文件放置顺序有关。且放最底部的时候输出(主类.m文件的放置不影响,理由参考”2、category的原理”)
6、category动态添加变量

@interface type (xxxx)

@property (nonatomic, assign)  NSInteger number;

@end


static void *numberKey = &numberKey;

@implementation type (xxxx)

- (void)setNumber:(NSInteger)number
{
    objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &numberKey, [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%ld",number], OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN);

}

- (NSInteger)number
{
    return [objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &numberKey) integerValue];
}

@end

objc_setAssociatedObject和objc_getAssociatedObject的描述可参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/liuting-1204/p/6526342.html

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Free-Thinker/p/10797048.html

评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值