Oracle超详细学习笔记

-----员工培训----

 

    --1.最简单的查询

        --例

            SELECT *

            FROM employees;

           

            DESC employees;

           

            SET linesize 600;

           

            SET PAGESIZE 50;

        --例2

            SELECT table_name FROM user_tables;--查询数据库中所有表名

           

    --2.查询特定的列

        --例

            SELECT employee_id,fisrt_name,last_name.salary

            FROM employees;

           

    --3.在SELECT子句中使用直接量

        --例

            SELECT 5

            FROM employees;

            -----------------------

            SELECT 5

            FROM dual;--这是Oracle提供的伪表

           

        --例2:

            SELECT 'Hello Oracle SQL'--在Oracle中如何表示字符串常量

            FROM employees;

           

            SELECT 'Hello Oracle SQL'--在Oracle中如何表示字符串常量

            FROM dual;

           

        --例3:

            SELECT 'Hello Oracle''s SQL'--用两个连续单引号进行单引号转义

            FROM employees;

           

    --4在SELECT子句中使用算术表达式

        --例1:查询员工的编号、姓名和年薪

            SELECT employee_id,fist_name,last_name,salry,salary*12

            FROM employees;

       

        --例2:

            SELECT 5/2

            FROM dual;

           

    --5.给例定义别名

       

        --例1:

            SELECT employee_id AS id

            FROM employees;

           

        --例2:

            SELECT employee_id AS "Id"--双引号中的字符原样显示

            FROM employees;

           

        --例3:

       

            SELECT employee_id,fist_name,last_name,salry,salary*12 AS annual_salary

            FROM employees;

           

        --例4:

       

            SELECT employee_id,fist_name,last_name,salry,salary*12 AS "annual salary"

            FROM employees;

            --如果别名有特殊字符必须使用双引号

           

    --6.字符串的链接运算符

   

        --例:

            SELECT employee_id||''||fist_name,last_name,salry,salary*12 AS annual_salary

            FROM employees;

           

    --7.过滤重复记录

        --例1:

            SELECT DISTINCT department_id

            FROM employees;

           

        --例2:

            SELECT DISTINCT department_id,job_id

            FROM employees;

--第二章 过滤查询和结果集排序

    --1.使用WHERE子句过滤记录

        --例1:

        SELECT *

        FROM employees

        WHERE salary > 8000;

        --例2:

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

            FROM employees

            WHERE salary = 17000;

        --例3:

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

            FROM employees

            WHERE salary <> 17000;-- !=

        --比较运算符号:>,>=,<,<=,=,!=或<>

        --例4

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

            FROM employees

            WHERE salary >=2500 AND salary <= 17000;

       

        --逻辑运算符:AND,OR,NOT

       

    --2.在WHERE子句中使用字符串和日期

   

        --例1:查询职位ID为st_clerk的员工信息

            SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,

            FROM employees

            WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK';

            --表中字段的值是区分大小写的

           

        --例2:查询1998年7月9日入职的员工信息

            SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE hire_date = '09-7月-1998';

           

            --日期直接量必须以字符串的形式来体现

            --Oracle的日期是格式敏感的

            --标准日期表示DD-MM-RR

       

    --3.其他比较运算符

   

        --1)BETWEEN AND

            --例1:查询工资在【2500,7000】上的员工信息

            SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary

            FROM employees

            WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 7000;

            --包含边界值

            --第一个值要小于第二个值

           

            --练习:查询1998年入职的员工信息

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE hire_date BETWEEN '01-1月-1998' AND '31-12月-1998';

       

        --2) IN

            --例1:查询职位ID是ST_CLERK或者ST_MAN的员工

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id IN ('ST_CLERK','ST_MAN');

               

            --例2

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE NOT job_id IN ('ST_CLERK','ST_MAN');

                ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id NOT IN ('ST_CLERK','ST_MAN');

               

        --3)LIKE

            --例1:模糊查询

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id LIKE 'ST%';

                --通配符:%任意多个字符,_一个字符。

                --只能用于日期或者字符串

               

            --练习:

                --查询first_name首字母是大写S,第三个字母是e的员工

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name LIKE 'S_e%';

                --查询first_name含有字母a和e的员工

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name LIKE '%a%e%' OR first_name LIKE '%e%a%';

                --查询1988年入职的员工

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE hire_date LIKE '%98';

               

            --例2:查询职位ID含有_P的员工信息

                SELECT employee_id,job_id,first_name,salary,hire_date

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id LIKE '%\_P%' ESCAPE '\';

                --转义字符是开发者自己定义的

               

    --4.SELECT,FROM和WHERE子句的执行顺序 ``` 

            --例:

                SELECT employee_id,last_name AS ename,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE last_name = 'King'; --Error,在WHERE子句中不能使用列的别名

               

                --执行顺序:FROM--------------->WHERE------------->SELECT

               

    --5).结果集排序

            --例:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY salary DESC;

                --默认为升序排列(ASC),降序需要在字段后使用DESC

               

            --例2:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY salary

           

            --例3:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY 4;--是字段在SELECT子句中的索引

               

            --例4:

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty

                FROM employees

                WHERE salary > 6000

                ORDER BY salary;

               

            --例5:查询员工的编号、姓名和年薪、并按年薪排序

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty*12

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY salary*12;

                ----------------------------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty*12 AS annual

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY annual;

                --语句的执行顺序FROM------>WHERE--------->SELECT---------->ORDER BY

               

            --例6

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty*12 AS "annual Salary"

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY "annual Salary";

                --别名在双引号中,是大小写敏感的

               

            --例7

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY job_id,salary;

                ----------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name ,salaty

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY job_id,salary DESC;--只约束salary

               

--第三章 单行函数

        --LOWER/UPPER/INITCAP

            --例1:将查到的列的字符串全部转换成小写输出

                SELECT LOWER(last_name)

                FROM employees;

            --例2:将将查到的列的字符串全部转换成大写输出

                SELECT UPPER(last_name)

                FROM employees;

            --例3:将每个字符串的首字母变为大写

                SELECT INITCAP('last_name HELLO dog')

                FROM dual;

               

        --CONCAT/LPAD/RPAD

            --例1:链接字符串

                SELECT first_name || ''|| last_name AS fullname

                FROM employees;

                -------------------------------------------

                SELECT CONCAT( first_name,CONCAT('',last_name)) AS fullname

                FROM employees;

               

            --例2:在检索到的结果前循环加上第三个参数所表示字符串

                --第二个参数为输出字符串长度,若参数1得长度大于限制从右边舍去

                SELECT LPAD(employee_id,8,'123')

                FROM employees;

                -------------------------------

                --在检索到的结果后循环加上第三个参数所表示字符串

                --第二个参数为输出字符串长度,若参数1得长度大于限制从右边舍去

                SELECT RPAD(employee_id,2,'123')

                FROM employees;

               

        --SUBSTR

            --1:(使用2个参数)从第二个参数所表示的值开始截取字符串

                SELECT SUBSTR('ABC D 1234 234 NARS na',4)

                FROM dual;

                SELECT SUBSTR(last_name,4),last_name

                FROM employees;

               

        --INSTR

            --例1:查找第二参数的首字母在第一个参数中的位置

            --若不匹配,则返回0

            SELECT INSTR('SQL allows for dynamic DB changes','all')

            FROM dual;

            --指定起始位置(只返回按要求第一次出现位置)

            SELECT INSTR('SQL allows for dynamic DB changes','a',6)

            FROM dual;

            --指定起始位置并指明第几次出现

            SELECT INSTR('SQL allows for dynamic DB changes','a',6,2)

            FROM dual;

           

        --5)TRIM

            --例1:去掉字符串两端空格

                SELECT TRIM('   VFBAPSTAK    ')

                FROM dual;

               

            --例2:去掉字符串前端指定的字符

                SELECT TRIM(LEADING'A'FROM'AAABA  VFBAPSTAK    ')

                FROM dual;

               

            --例3:去掉字符串末端指定的字符

                SELECT TRIM(TRAILING'A'FROM'AAABA  VFBAPSTAK    ABAA')

                FROM dual;

               

            --例4:去掉字符串两端指定的字符

                SELECT TRIM('A'FROM'AAABA  VFBAPSTAK    ABAA')

                FROM dual;

               

        --6)REPLACE

            --例1:用第三个参数替换第二个参数

                SELECT REPLACE('SQL*PLUS supports loops or if statements.',

                    'supports',

                    'does not support')

                    FROM dual;

                   

        --7)LENGTH

            --例1:统计参数字符串长度

                    SELECT LENGTH('SQL lets you  supports loops or if statements.'

                    )

                    FROM dual;

       

--2。数值函数

    --1)ROUND/TRUNC

        --例1:保留参数2所表示的有效位小数,TRUNC不四舍五入

        SELECT ROUND(168.888,2),TRUNC(168.888,2)

        FROM dual;

        ------------------------

        SELECT ROUND(168.888,0),TRUNC(168.888,0)

        FROM dual;

        -----------------

        --无参数取整

        SELECT ROUND(168.888),TRUNC(168.888)

        FROM dual;

        ---------

        --从个位开始取0运算

        SELECT ROUND(168.888,-2),TRUNC(168.888,-2)

        FROM dual;

   

    --2)MOD

        --例:求余运算

            SELECT MOD(9,4)

            FROM dual;

           

    --3)CEIL/FLOOR

        --例:向上向下取整

            SELECT CEIL(34.5),FLOOR(34.5)

            FROM dual;

   

--3)日期函数

--  1)SYSDATE

        --例:查询当前系统时间

            SELECT SYSDATE

            FROM dual;

            --Oracle默认日期格式:DD-MON-YY

           

        --例2:7天后的日期

            SELECT SYSDATE + 7

            FROM dual;

           

        --例3:100小时之后的时间

            SELECT SYSDATE + 100/24

            FROM dual;

           

    --2)MONTHS_BETWEEN

        --例1:计算两个日期之间相隔几个月

            SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-12月-2010','31-1月-2010')

            FROM dual;

           

    --3)ADD_MONTHS

        --例:在指定日期后加上参数二指定的月份

            SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,3)

            FROM dual;

           

    --4)NEXT_DAY

        --例:当前日期之后的星期一

            SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'星期一')

            FROM dual;

            --系统时间为中文

            SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'MONDAY')

            FROM dual;

            -------------------------

            SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'MON')

            FROM dual;

            --系统时间为英文

            SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'1')

            FROM dual;

            --使用数字,1代表周日

       

    --5)LAST_DAY

        --例:返回当前月份的最后一天

            SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)

            FROM dual;

           

--4.字符串。数字和日期之间的转换函数

    --准备:

        --Oracle日期类型DATE数据的内部存储格式:世纪、年。月。日。时。分。秒

        --日期的缺省输入和输出的格式:DD-MON-RR

        --1)TO_CHAR

            --例1:以默认日期格式输出:DD-MON-RR

            SELECT first_name,last_name,TO_CHAR(hire_date)

            FROM employees;

            --例2:

                SELECT first_name ,last_name,

                    TO_CHAR(hire_date,'YYYY-MM-DD DY HH24:MI:SS')

                    FROM employees;

                    --第一个参数必须是日期类型,不能是以字符串形式表示的日期直接量

                    --格式描述:

                        --年:YYYY、YY、RR

                        --月:MM、MON、MONTH

                        --日:DD

                        --星期:DY、DAY

                        --小时:HH24、HH

                        --分:MI

                        --秒:SS

                       

            --例3:借助TO_CHAR函数获取日期中存储的特殊值

                SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY')

                FROM dual;

            --例4:(数值格式化)

                SELECT first_name,last_name,TO_CHAR(salary*1.6,'$999,999.99')

                FROM employees;

                --格式描述

                /*

                9:一位数字

                0:一位数字,但会保留前导0

                $:显示美元符号

                L:显示本地货币符号

                .:显示小数点

                ,:显示千分位

                */

        --2)TO_DATE

            --例1:使用缺省格式化描述

                SELECT TO_DATE('03-9月-1975')

                FROM dual;

                --尽管默认格式年时2位,但在函数可以使用4为的年

               

            --例2:指定格式化描述

                SELECT TO_DATE('07.04.75','MM.DD.YY')

                FROM dual;

                ----------------------

                SELECT TO_DATE('05-FEB-1998 19:36:36','DD.MON.YYYY HH24:MI:SS')

                FROM dual;

               

            --例3:YY与RR的区别

                SELECT TO_DATE(TO_CHAR('03-09-98','DD.MM.YY'),'DD-MM-YYYY')

                FROM dual;

                ----------------------

                SELECT TO_DATE(TO_CHAR('03-09-98','DD.MM.RR'),'DD-MM-YYYY')

                FROM dual;

           

        --3)TO_NUMBER  将字符串解析成数值

            --例1:

                SELECT TO_MUNBER('$12,345.69','$99,999.99')

                FROM dual;

               

    --5.ROUND和TRUNC用于日期

        --1)ROUND函数:

            --例1:对星期进行计算

                SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('16-2月-2011','DAY')

                FROM dual;

                /*

                第一个参数必须是DATE类型,如果是日期直接量必须使用TO_DATE函数转换

                如果是周日到周三,结果为这个星期的第一天,否则为下个星期的第一天(1为周日)

                */

            --例2:对月份进行计算

                SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('16-10月-2010','MONTH')

                FROM dual;

                /*

                如果是1~15日,结果为当月的第一天

                否则为下个月的第一天

                */

            --例3:对年份进行计算

                SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('16-10月-2010','YEAR')

                FROM dual;

                /*

                如果是1~6月,结果为但年的第一天,

                否则为下一年的第一天

                */

        --2)TRUNC函数

            --例1:对象星期进行TRUNC计算,求这个星期的第一天

                SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('3-MAR-2010'),'DAY')

                FROM dual;

            --例2:对象月进行TRUNC计算,求这个月第一天

                SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('3-MAR-2010'),'MONTH')

                FROM daul;

            --例3:对象年进行TRUNC计算,求这一年的第一天

                SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('3-MAR-2010'),'YEAR')

                FROM daul;

               

    --6.DECODE函数

        --例:

            SELECT first_name,last_name,job_id,salary,

                DECODE(

                    job_id,

                    'IT_PROG',salary*2,

                    'ST_CLERK',salary*1.2,

                    salary*1.1

                ) AS new_salary

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY job_id;

           

    --7.CASE表达式

        --例1:

            SELECT first_name,last_name,job_id,salary,

                CASE job_id

                    WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN salary*2

                    WHEN'ST_CLERK' THEN salary*1.2

                    ELSE salary*1.1

                END AS new_salary

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY job_id;

           

        --例2:搜索CASE表达式

            SELECT first_name,last_name,job_id,salary,

                CASE

                    WHEN job_id = 'IT_PROG' THEN salary*2

                    WHEN job_id = 'ST_CLERK' THEN salary*1.2

                    ELSE salary*1.1

                END AS new_salary

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY job_id;

           

--第四章 处理NULL值

 

    --NULL值从何而来?

   

        --1.表中的字段没有值,则其值视为NULL

        --2.表达式计算的结果

        --3.子查询的结果

       

    --1.含有NULL值的表达式

        --1)NULL参与算术运算

       

            --例:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary+salary*commission_pct AS

                income

                FROM employees;

                --NULL值参与算术运算,表达式的结果一定为NULL

               

        --2)NULL值参与比较运算

           

            --例1:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE commission_pct = NULL;

                -----------------------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE commission_pct != NULL;

               

                --如果NULL值参与比较运算,结果一定为NULL

                --因为NULL值得存在,SQL中的逻辑成为了“3种逻辑”:TRUE/FALSE/NULL

               

            --例2:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;

                -------------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

               

        --3)NULL值参与逻辑运算

       

            --例1:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG' AND job_id != NULL;

                --逻辑AND取值规律:FALSE-------------NULL------------>TRUE

            --例2:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG' OR job_id != NULL;  

                --逻辑OR取值规律:TRUE------------->NULL------>false

               

            --例3:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE NOT job_id != NULL;

                --逻辑NOT取值规律:NOT NULL ==NULL

               

        --4)ORDER BY子句中的NULL

       

            --例1:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,commission_pct

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY commission_pct;

                --升序排列时,NULL值在后

               

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,commission_pct

                FROM employees

                ORDER BY commission_pct NULLS FIRST;--NULLS  LAST

    --2.NVL和NVL2

        --例1:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary+salary*NVL(commission_pct,0) AS

                income

                FROM employees;

               

        --例2:

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary+salary*NVL(commission_pct,commission_pct,0) AS

                income

                FROM employees;

               

    --3.NULLIF 如果两个值相等就返回NULL

        --例:

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,NVL(NULLIF(salary,17000),7000) AS nsalary

            FROM employees;

            --语法NULLIF(exp1,exp2)

            --如果1和2相等,则返回NUL,否则返回1

            --注意:参数的类型必须一致

           

    --4。COALESCE

   

        --例1:

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary+salary*COALESCE(commission_pct,0) AS

                income

                FROM employees;

                --可以接受N个参数,返回第一个部位NULL的参数

                --参数的类型必须一致

               

               

--第五章 组函数与分组查询

 

    --1.COUNT

        --例1:

            SELECT COUNT(employee_id)

            FROM employees;

           

        --例2:

            SELECT COUNT(*)

            FROM employees;

           

        --例3:

            SELECT COUNT(1)

            FROM employees;

        --语法:COUNT( [DISTINCT|ALL]exp),默认为ALL

        --例4:

            SELECT COUNT(job_id)

            FROM employees;

            ----------------------------------

            SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT job_id)

            FROM employees;

           

        --例5:

            SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)

            FROM employees;

            --所有的组函数,都会忽略NULL值(单个字段)

           

        --例6:查寻80号部门的人数

            SELECT COUNT(1)

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id = 80;

    --2AVG

   

        --例1:

            SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salf

            FROM employees;

           

        --例2:

            SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salf

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id = 80;

           

        --例3:

            SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salf

            FROM employees

            WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK';

           

    --3.SUM

   

        --例:

            SELECT SUM(salary)

            FROM employees;

           

        --练习:统计50号部门的工资总额、平均工资和部门人数

            SELECT SUM(salary),AVG(salary),COUNT(*)

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id = 50;

           

    --4.MIN和MAX

        --例

            SELECT MIN(salary),MAX(salary)

            FROM employees;

           

    --分组查询

        --1)GROUP BY

            --例1:

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id;

                --只有作为分组依据的列,才能单独出现在SELECT子句中

               

            --练习:统计每个部门的工资总额、平均工资和人数

                SELECT SUM(salary),AVG(salary),COUNT(*)

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id;

               

            --例2:查询每个部门中不同岗位的平均工资

                SELECT department_id,job_id,AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id,job_id;

               

        --2)分组查询中的ORDER BY

            --例1:查询部门的平均工资,并按这个平均工资排序

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id

                ORDER BY avg;

                ------------------------

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id

                ORDER BY AVG(salary);

                ------------------------

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id

                ORDER BY 2;

                -------------------------

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id

                ORDER BY salary;--Error!只有作为分组依据的列,才能作为排序的条件

               

        --3)HAVING子句

            --例1:查询平均工资高于8000的职位

                SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                WHERE AVG(salary) >8000 --Error!

                GROUP BY job_id;

               

            --例2:HAVING只能跟GROUP BY一起使用,用于对分组后的信息进行过滤

                SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY job_id

                HAVING AVG(salary) >8000;

               

            --例3:HAVING 子句中只能使用作为分组依据的列,或者组函数

                SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY job_id

                HAVING salary >8000;--Error

                ---------------------------

                SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) AS avg

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY job_id

                HAVING avg >8000;

                --执行顺序FROM------->WHERE--------->GROUP BY--------->HAVING--->SELECT--->ORDER BY

               

            --例4:查询60号以上部门平均工资

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

                WHERE department_id > 60

                GROUP BY department_id;

                -----------

                SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY department_id

                HAVING department_id > 60;

                --不要使用HAVING替代WHERE

               

    --6.组函数的嵌套调用

        --例:统计岗位平均工资额最低值和最高值

            SELECT MIN(AVG(salary)),MAX(AVG(salary))

            FROM employees

            GROUP BY job_id;--对内层使用

           

            --组函数最多嵌套两层

           

    --7.组函数中的NULL值处理

        --例:查询员工的总佣金和平均佣金

            SELECT SUM(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0)) AS sum_sal,

                    AVG(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0)) AS avg_sal,

                    COUNT(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0))

            FROM employees;

           

--第六章 多表连接查询

    --1.笛卡尔积(表的交叉连接)

        --例1:

            SELECT countries.*,regions.*

            FROM countries,regions;

        --例2:表的别名,一旦定义,不能使用原表明

            SELECT cou.*,reg.*

            FROM countries cou,regions reg;

           

        --例3:

            SELECT c.country_name,c.region_id,r.region_id,r.region_name

            FROM countries c,regions r;

           

    --2.内连接

        --1)等值连接

            --例1:查询国家ID,国家名称和国家所在地的地区的名称

                SELECT c.country_id,c.country_name,r.region_name,r.region_id,c.region_id

                FROM countries c,regions r

                WHERE c.region_id = r.region_id;

               

            --练习:

                --1.查询员工的编号、职位ID、工资和所在的部门名称

                    SELECT e.employee_id,e.job_id,e.salary,e.department_id,d.department_id,d.department_name

                    FROM employees e,departments d

                    WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;

                --2.查询部门编号、名称和该部门经理的名字

                    SELECT

                   

                   

            --例2:查询员工的编号、姓名和其主管的姓名

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,

                    e.manager_id,em.employee_id,

                    em.first_name,em.last_name

                FROM employees e,employees em

                WHERE e.manager_id = em.employee_id;

               

            --例3:查询部门名称,及部门所在的国家的名称

                SELECT department_name,country_name

                FROM departments d,locations l,countries c

                WHERE d.location_id = l.location_id AND

                    l.country_id = c.country_id;

                   

        --2)不等连接

            --例:查询员工的姓名、工资以及工资级别

                SELECT e.first_name,e.last_name,e.salary,g.grade_level,

                    g.lowest_sal,g.highest_sal

                FROM employees e,job_grades g

                WHERE e.salary BETWEEN g.lowest_sal AND g.highest_sal;

               

    --3.外连接

        --例1:

            SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name

            FROM employees e,departments d

            WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id(+);--左外连接

               

        --例2:

            SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name

            FROM employees e,departments d

            WHERE d.department_id(+) = e.department_id ;--左外连接

               

        --练习:查询没有员工的部门

            SELECT d.department_id,department_name

            FROM employees e,departments d

            WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id(+);

               

    --4)多表连接查询的SQL:99语法

        --1)笛卡尔积

            --例:

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                CROSS JOIN departments dept;

               

        --2)等值连接

            --例1:查询员工的姓名和所在的部门的名称

                SELECT e.last_name,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e,departments d

                WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id;

                -----------------------------------------

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                INNER JOIN departments dept

                ON (d.department_id = e.department_id);

                --------------------------------

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                JOIN departments dept

                ON (d.department_id = e.department_id);

                ---------------------------------

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                JOIN departments dept

                ON (d.department_id = e.department_id AND e.manager_id = d.manager_id);

            --例2:

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                JOIN departments dept

                USING (department_id);

                ------------------

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                JOIN departments dept

                USING (department_id,manager_id);

               

            --练习

                --查询员工的编号、职位ID、工资和所在部门的名称

                SELECT e.employee_id,e.job_id,e.salary,d.department_name

                FROM employees e

                JOIN departments d

                USING (department_id);

               

                --查询50号以上部门的编号、名称和该部门所在城市的名称

                SELECT department_id,department_name,city

                FROM departments d

                JOIN locations l

                USING (location_id)

                WHERE department_id > 50;

                --ON子句中只写与连接相关的条件

               

            --例3:查询部门,以及部门所在的国家名称

                SELECT department_id,department_name,country_name

                FROM departments d

                JOIN locations l

                USING(location_id)

                JOIN countries c

                USING(country_id);

               

            --3)外连接

                --例:左外连

                    SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                    FROM employees e

                    LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d

                    ON (e.department_id =d.department_id);

                    ---------------------------

                    SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                        FROM employees e

                    RIGHT LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d

                    ON (d.department_id =e.department_id);

                --练习:查询没有员工的部门

                    SELECT d.department_id,department_name

                    FROM departments d

                    LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e

                    ON (d.department_id =e.department_id)

                    WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

                    ---------------------------

            --4)全外连接

                --例

                    SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                    FROM employees e

                    FULL OUTER JOIN departments d

                    ON (e.department_id =d.department_id);

                --练习:查询没有员工的部门和没有部门的员工

                    SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,d.department_name

                    FROM employees e

                    FULL OUTER JOIN departments d

                    ON (e.department_id =d.department_id)

                    WHERE e.department_id IS NULL OR d.department_id IS NULL;

               

--第七章  子查询

    --1.标量子查询

        --例1:查询与Neena(first_name)同一职位的员工

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE job_id = (

                SELECT job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name = 'Neena'

            );

            /*

            1.能使用表达式的地方,就可以使用子查询

            2。先执行子查询,再执行主查询

            3。如果子查询返回一行、一列,则称其为“标量子查询”

            4.子查询一定要放在圆括号中,建议将子查询放在运算符的右侧

            5。如果子查询没有结果就视为NULL

            */

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE job_id = (

                SELECT job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name = 'NeenaA'

            );

        --练习:--1.查询工资少于总平均工资的员工编号、名字、工资和职位ID

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary,job_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE salary < (

                SELECT AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

            );

               

                --2.查询平均工资最低的职位

                SELECT job_id,AVG(salary)

                FROM employees

                GROUP BY job_id

                HAVING AVG(salary) = (

                    SELECT MIN(AVG(salary))

                    FROM employees

                    GROUP BY job_id

                );

    --2.单行子查询

        --例:查询与Neena(first_name)同一部门、同一岗位的员工

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id,job_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE (department_id,job_id) = (

                SELECT department_id,job_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name = 'Neena'

            );

           

    --3表子查询

        --例1:查询所有管理者的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,

            FROM employees

            WHERE employee_id IN(

            SELECT manager_id

            FROM employees

            );

        --例2:查询工资是所在职位最高的员工的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary,job_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE (job_id,salary)IN(

            SELECT job_id,MAX(salary)

            FROM employees

            GROUP BY job_id

            );

        --例3:查询所有人民的信息

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE NOT employee_id IN(

                SELECT manager_id

                FROM employees

            );

        -----------------------------

       

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE NOT employee_id IN(

                SELECT NVL(manager_id,-1)

                FROM employees

            );

        --练习:

            --1.查询位于Seattle市的部门的员工的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id IN (

            SELECT department_id

            FROM departments

            WHERE location_id IN(

            SELECT location_id

            FROM locations

            WHERE city = 'Seattle'

            )

            );

           

            --2.查询与名字(first_name)中包含字母x的员工在相同部门工作的员工的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,department_id

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id

                FROM employees

                WHERE first_name like '%x%'

            );

           

            --例4:哪些员工的工资比任何一个职位的平均工资都要低

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE salary < ALL (

                    SELECT AVG(salary)

                    FROM employees

                    GROUP BY job_id

                );

                ------------------------

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE salary < ALL (

                    SELECT AVG(salary)

                    FROM employees

                    WHERE department_id > 1000

                    GROUP BY job_id

                );

                --ALL要与比较运算符配合使用

                --若果子查询没有结果,那么带有ALL的比较为TRUE

               

            --例5:哪些员工的工资比某一个职位的平均工资低

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE salary < ANY (

                    SELECT AVG(salary)

                    FROM employees

                    WHERE department_id > 1000

                    GROUP BY job_id

                );

               

                ---如果子查询没有结果,那么带有ANY的比较为FALSE

           

            --例6:哪些员工的工资高于所属职位的平均工资

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees e,(

                    SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg

                    FROM employees

                    GROUP BY job_id

                ) a

                WHERE e.job_id = a.job_id AND e.salary > a.avg;

                --写在FROM子句中的子查询叫做“内联视图”

               

    --4.关联子查询(相关子查询)

   

        --例1:哪些员工的工资高于所属职位的平均工资

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

            FROM employees e1

            WHERE salary > (

                SELECT AVG(salary)

                FROM employees e2

                WHERE e1.job_id = e2.job_id

            );

        --练习:查询谁的工资是所在部门的最高工资

            SELECT department_id,salary

            FROM employees e1

            WHERE salary = (

                SELECT MAX(salary)

                FROM employees e2

                WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id

            );

           

        --例2:查询所有管理者的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

            FROM employees e1

            WHERE EXISTS (

                SELECT employee_id

                FROM employees e2

                WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id

            );

        --例3:所有普通员工的信息

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

            FROM employees e1

            WHERE NOT EXISTS (

                SELECT employee_id

                FROM employees e2

                WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id

            );

        --练习:

            --1:查询所有调换过岗位的员工

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,job_id

            FROM employees e1

            WHERE EXISTS (

                SELECT employee_id

                FROM job_history jh

                WHERE e1.employee_id = jh.employee_id

            );

            --2: 查询没有员工的部门

            SELECT department_id,department_name

            FROM departments d

            WHERE NOT EXISTS(

                SELECT 'OK'

                FROM employees e1

                WHERE e1.department_id = d.department_id

            );

    --TOP N分析和结果集分页

        --例1:伪劣ROWNUM

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees;

            ------------------------------

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id = 50;

            ------------------------------

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE ROWNUM <=5;

            ------------------------

        --例3:

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE ROWNUM BETWEEN 6 AND 10;

            -------------------------------

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE ROWNUM >=1;

        --例4:

            SELECT ROWNUM,employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY first_name;

        --例5:物理分页

            SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name

            FROM(

                SELECT ROWNUM linenum,employee_id,first_name,last_name

                FROM(

                    SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name

                    FROM employees

                    ORDER BY first_name

                )

                WHERE ROWNUM <= 10

            )

            WHERE linenum >=6;

    --ROWID;标出行在磁盘上的物理位置,行的唯一标识

   

--第八章 结果集的集合运算

    --1.UNION

        --例1:查询所有员工曾经从事和正在从事的职位

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM job_history

            UNION

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM employees;

            /*

            1.UNION会重新排序并去掉重复记录

            2.两个查询的列数,以及列的类型必须意义匹配,列名可以不同

            3.最终结果显示第一个查询的列明或者列的别名

            4.除UNION ALL外,结果集自动按第一个查寻的第一列的升序排列

            */

           

        --例2:关于ORDER BY

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM job_history

            UNION

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY job_id;

            ----------------------

            SELECT employee_id,job_id j1

            FROM job_history

            UNION

            SELECT employee_id,job_id j2

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY j1;

            ----------------------

            SELECT employee_id,job_id j1

            FROM job_history

            UNION

            SELECT employee_id,job_id j2

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY 2;

               

    --2.UNION ALL

        --例1:查询员工的职位变动情况

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM job_history

            UNION ALL

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM employees

            ORDER BY employee_id;

        --例2:

            SELECT department_name AS dname_and_ename

            FROM departments

            WHERE department_id = 50

            UNION ALL

            SELECT first_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id = 50;

        --练习:查询没有员工的部门编号、名称,以及没有部门的员工的编号和姓名

            SELECT employee_id,first_name

            FROM employees

            WHERE department_id is NULL

            UNION ALL

            SELECT d.department_id,department_name

                FROM departments d

                LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e

                ON (d.department_id =e.department_id)

                WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

               

    --3.INTERSECT

        --例:哪些员工现在从事的是他曾今从事过的职位

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM job_history

            INTERSECT

            SELECT employee_id,job_id

            FROM employees;

               

    --4.MINUS(差集)

        --例;查询所有离职的员工

            SELECT employee_id

            FROM job_history

            MINUS

            SELECT employee_id

            FROM employees;

               

--第九章 表的创建

    --1.常用数据类型

        /*

        1.CHAR[(<size>[BYTE|CHAR])]

            name CHAR

            name CHAR(45)

            name CHAR(45 BYTE)

            name CHAR(45CHAR)

            以定长的方式存储字符数据,不足在又侧自动补空格字符

            如果不指定长度,默认为一个字节

            如果指定长度,最大为2000字节,不指定单位,默认为“字节”

           

        2.VARCHAR2(<size>[BBYTE|CHAR])

            name VARCHAR2(45)

            name VARCHAR2(45 BYTE)

            name VARCHAR2(45 CHAR)

            以变长的方式存储字符数据

            定义的时候必须指定长度,默认单位为“字节”

            最长为4000字节

           

        3NUMBER[(p,s)]

            salary NUMBER

            salary NUMBER(12)

            salary NUMBER(8,2) 2表示小数部分位数

            p:表示精度,即数字的个数,取值在1~38之间

            S:小数位数

            如果定义时不指定精度,默认为38,任意分布在小数点两侧

            如果定义时指定了精度,可以不指定S的值,S此时为0,只能存储整数

            存储数据时,如果违反精度,Oracle会报错,如果违反S,自动四舍五入

            当S>0,并且s>=P的时候,只能存储纯小数,并且该数的小数点后边至少要有S减P个0

           

        4.REAL---------->18为精度的浮点数

           

        5.INTEGER--------->NUMBER(38)

           

        6.DATE

            包括7个属性,世纪、年、月、日、时、分、秒

           

           

        */

    --2.手工建表

        --例:

            CREATE TABLE products(

                P_code NUMBER(6)

                P_name VARCHAR2(30 CHAR)

                P_desc VARCHAR2(100 CHAR)

                p_price NUMBER(6,2)

                is_import CHAR(1) DEFAULT 'N'

            );

            /*

                以字母开头,之后可以是字母、数字、$、#、_的任意组合,多国语言下字母不限于英文

                名字最大的长度为30个字符

                不建议使用SQL,或者Oracle的关键字

               

            */

    --3.借助子查询创建表

        --例1:

            CREATE TABLE workers

            AS (

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

            );

            ---------------------------------

            CREATE TABLE workers

            AS (

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

                WHERE employee_id = 6666666

            );

        --例2:

            CREATE TABLE workers

            AS (

                SELECT employee_id AS empno,first_name||''||last_name AS fullname,salary AS sal

                FROM employees

            );

            -----------------------------

            CREATE TABLE workers (

                empno,fullname,sal

            )

            AS (

                SELECT employee_id,first_name,last_name,salary

                FROM employees

            );

    --4.删除与截断表

        --例1:

            DROP TABLE table_name;

               

        --例2:

            TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

           

--第十章 数据的维护(DML)

    --准备工作:

        CREATE TABLE emp (

            empo,ename,hiredate,job,sal,comm,deptno

        ) AS (

            SELECT employee_id,first_name||''||last_name,hire_date,job_id,salary,salary*commission_pct,department_id

            FROM employees

        );

       

        CREATE TABLE dept(

            deptno,dname,dept

        ) AS(

            SELECT dept.department_id,dept.department_name,loc.city

            FROM departments dept

            JOIN locations loc

            USING(location_id)

        );

           

        CREATE TABLE workers(

            id NUMBER(6),

            name VARCHAR2(20),

            salary NUMBER(8,2),

            commission NUMBER(4) DEFAULT 1000

        );

    --2.INSERT

        --例1:

            INSERT INTO workers

            VALUES (166,'Peter',4500.00,2000);

            ------------------------

            INSERT INTO workers(name,salary,commission,id)

            VALUES ('Peter',4500.00,2000,166);

               

        --例2:

            INSERT INTO workers(name,salary)

            VALUES ('Peter',4500.00);

           

        --例3:

            INSERT INTO workers(name,salary,commission)

            VALUES ('Peter',4500.00,DEFAULT);

           

        --例4:

            INSERT INTO workers

            VALUES (NULL,'Peter',4500.00,DEFAULT);

           

        --例5:

            INSERT INTO emp(empo,hiredate,job,sal)

            VALUES (266,'08-3月-2011','IT_PROG',8888);

           

        --例6:

            INSERT INTO emp(empo,hiredate,job,sal)

            VALUES (266,TO_DATE('08-2012-03','MM-YYYY-DD'),'IT_PROG',8888);

               

        --例7:

            INSERT INTO emp(empo,hiredate,job,sal)

            VALUES (266,DATE '2010-03-08','IT_PROG',8888);

           

        --例8:

            INSERT INTO workers

            SELECT empo,ename,sal,comm

            FROM emp;

            --------------------------------

            INSERT INTO workers(id,name)

            SELECT empo,ename

            FROM emp;

           

    --3.UPDATE

        --例1:

            UPDATE emp SET sal= 999,job = 'IT_NARS'

            WHERE ename LIKE '%x%';

           

        --例2:

            UPDATE emp SET (job,sal) = (

                SELSCT job, sal

                FROM emp

                WHERE empno = 176

            )

            WHERE empno = 266;

           

    --4.DELETE

        --例:

            DELETE FROM emp  --FROM可省

            WHERE empno = 266;

           

    --5.事务处理

        /*

            A:原子性

            C:一致性

            I:隔离性

            D:持久性

        */

       

        /*

            事物的开始和结束:

                开始:

                    连接到数据库,并执行第一个DML语句

                    前一个事物结束后,再一次执行了一条DML语句

                结束:

                    执行COMMIT或者ROLLBACK

                    执行了一条DDL语句或者DCL语句之后,会自动执行COMMIT

                    使用exit命令退出sql*plus,会自动执行COMMIT

                    如果SQL*PLUS意外退出,会自动执行ROLLBACK

        */

       

--第十一章  约束

    --1.Oracle中的5中约束

        /*

            实体完整性--------->主键约束 PRIMARY KEY

            参照完整性--------->外键约束 FOREIGN KEY

            用户自定义完整性--------->NOT NULL/UNIQUE/CHECK

            NOT NULL:列的值不能为空

            UNIQUE:列的值不能重复

            CHCK:列的值满足一定的条件

            PRIMARY KEY:列的值可以唯一标识一条记录

            FOREIGN KEY:用来维护表与表之间的参照完整性

           

        */

    --2.NOT NULL约束

        --1)在创建表的时候指定NOT NULL

            CREATE TABLE dept(

                deptno NUMBER(3),

                dname VARCHAR2(15) CONSTRAINT dept_adname_nn NOT NULL,

                loc VARCHAR2(20)

            );

            --------------------------------------

            CREATE TABLE dept(

                deptno NUMBER(3),

                dname VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,

                loc VARCHAR2(20)

            );

        --2)为已有表添加NOT NULL约束

            ALTER TABLE dept

            MODIFY (dname CONSTRAINT dept_adname_nn NOT NULL);

           

    --3.UNIQUE约束

        --1)在创建表的时候指定UNIQUE

            --例1:列级别约束

                CREATE TABLE dept(

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    dname VARCHAR2(15)

                        CONSTRAINT dept_adname_nn NOT NULL

                        CONSTRAINT dept_adname_uq UNIQUE,    --列级别约束

                    loc VARCHAR2(20)

                );

            --例2:表级别定义

                CREATE TABLE dept(

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    dname VARCHAR2(15)

                        CONSTRAINT dept_adname_nn NOT NULL,

                    loc VARCHAR2(20),

                    CONSTRAINT dept_adname_uq UNIQUE(dname)

                );

                --NOT NULL 只能在列级别定义

                ------------------------------------------

                CREATE TABLE dept(

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    dname VARCHAR2(15)

                        CONSTRAINT dept_adname_nn NOT NULL,

                    loc VARCHAR2(20),

                    CONSTRAINT dept_adname_uq UNIQUE(deptno,dname)

                );

        --2)为已有表添加

            ALTER TABLE dept

            ADD CONSTRAINT dept_adname_uq UNIQUE(deptno);

           

    --4.CHECK约束

        --1)在创建表时指定

            CREATE TABLE emp(

                deptno NUMBER(6),

                dname VARCHAR2(20),

                gender CHAR CONSTRAINT emp_gender_ck CHECK(gender IN('F','M')),

                age NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT emp_age_ck CHECK(age >= 18 ),

                sal NUMBER(8,2),

                deptno NUMBER(4)

            );

            --例2:

                CREATE TABLE emp(

                deptno NUMBER(6),

                dname VARCHAR2(20),

                gender CHAR ,

                age NUMBER(3) ,

                sal NUMBER(8,2),

                deptno NUMBER(4),

                CONSTRAINT emp_gender_ck CHECK(gender IN('F','M')),

                CONSTRAINT emp_age_ck CHECK(age >= 18 )

            );

        --2)为已有表添加

            ALTER TABLE emp

            ADD (CONSTRAINT emp_gender_ck CHECK(gender IN('F','M')),

                CONSTRAINT emp_age_ck CHECK(age >= 18 )

            );

    --5. PRIMARY KEY约束    

       

        --1) 在定义表的时候指定

           

            --例1:

                CREATE TABLE dept (

                    deptno NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY,

                    dname VARCHAR2(15),

                    loc VARCHAR2(20)

                );

           

            --例2:

                CREATE TABLE dept (

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    dname VARCHAR2(15),

                    loc VARCHAR2(20),

                    CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY(deptno)

                );

                ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

                CREATE TABLE dept (

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    dname VARCHAR2(15),

                    loc VARCHAR2(20),

                    CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY(deptno, dname) --联合主键

                );

           

        --2) 为已有表添加

            ALTER TABLE dept

            ADD CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY(deptno);

           

    --6. FOREIGN KEY约束

   

        --1) 在定义表时指定

            --例1:

                CREATE TABLE emp (

                    empno NUMBER(6),

                    ename VARCHAR2(20),

                    gender CHAR,

                    age NUMBER(3),

                    sal NUMBER(8,2),

                    deptno NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk REFERENCES dept(deptno)

                );

           

            --例2:

                CREATE TABLE emp (

                    empno NUMBER(6),

                    ename VARCHAR2(20),

                    gender CHAR,

                    age NUMBER(3),

                    sal NUMBER(8,2),

                    deptno NUMBER(3),

                    CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk FOREIGN KEY(deptno) REFERENCES dept(deptno)

                );

           

        --2) 为已有的表添加

            ALTER TABLE emp

            ADD CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk FOREIGN KEY(deptno) REFERENCES dept(deptno);

           

 

 

Oracle超详细学习笔记

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/mmc9527/p/10789883.html

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