java如何判定abc与abcd相似,“abc”之间的差异+“de”和“abc” Java中的+ de（de =" de"）？...

I run the following code and get the results shown in the comments. I know the differences between == and .equals(). What I don't understand is why my code in the second line has different results from the code in the third line.

String de = "de";

// String abcde = "abc" + "de"; // abcde == "abcde" reture true

String abcde = "abc" + de; // abcde == "abcde" reture false;

System.out.println();

System.out.println(abcde=="abcde");

System.out.println(de=="de");

In trying to debug this I used the javap -c command and got the following output 'code' for the first string concatenation:

Code:

0: ldc #9; //String de

2: astore_1

3: new #10; //class java/lang/StringBuilder

6: dup

7: invokespecial #11; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V

10: ldc #4; //String abc

12: invokevirtual #12; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang

String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;

15: aload_1

16: invokevirtual #12; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang

String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;

19: invokevirtual #13; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/l

ng/String;

22: astore_2

23: getstatic #14; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

26: invokevirtual #15; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:()V

29: getstatic #14; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

32: aload_2

33: ldc #16; //String abcde

35: if_acmpne 42

38: iconst_1

39: goto 43

42: iconst_0

43: invokevirtual #17; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V

46: getstatic #14; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

49: aload_1

50: ldc #9; //String de

52: if_acmpne 59

55: iconst_1

56: goto 60

59: iconst_0

60: invokevirtual #17; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V

63: return

And the output for the second string concatenation:

I am not so familiar with this 'code' and can't see any reason why these differences exists. So could anyone explain why those differences happen?

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解决方案

The "problem" is simply that the compiler is too smart for you. When it sees "abc" + "de" it immediately concatenates that into the literal "abcde". But when it sees "abc" + de it's not allowed (per Java rules) to "optimize" that to a literal but must instead implement the + function, creating a new String object.

String literals are always handled as interned Strings, so == will work on them.