一、多表连接查询
#建表 create table dep( id int, name varchar(20) ); create table emp( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int ); #插入数据 insert into dep values (200,'技术'), (201,'人力资源'), (202,'销售'), (203,'运营'); insert into emp(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('egon','male',18,200), ('alex','female',48,201), ('wupeiqi','male',38,201), ('yuanhao','female',28,202), ('liwenzhou','male',18,200), ('jingliyang','female',18,204) ; #查看表结构和数据 mysql> desc dep; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc emp; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> select * from dep; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------------+ mysql> select * from emp; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ 表dep与emp
外连接语法 select * from 表1 inner join 表2 on 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1、内连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
#应用: select * from emp,dep where emp.dep_id = dep.id and dep.name = "技术"; # 不要用where做连表的活 select * from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id where dep.name = "技术" ;
2、左连接:在内连接的基础上,保留左边没有对应关系的记录 select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id; 3、右连接:在内连接的基础上,保留右边没有对应关系的记录 select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id; 4、全连接:在内连接的基础上,保留左、右边没有对应关系的记录 select * from emp left join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id union select * from emp right join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
#补充:多表连接可以不断地与虚拟表连接 查找各部门最高工资 select t1.* from emp as t1 inner join (select post,max(salary) as ms from emp group by post) as t2 on t1.post = t2.post where t1.salary = t2.ms ;
二、子查询
子查询:把一个查询语句用括号括起来,当做另外一条查询语句的条件去用,称为子查询 select emp.name from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id where dep.name="技术"; select name from emp where dep_id = (select id from dep where name="技术"); 查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select name from dep where id in (select dep_id from emp group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); select dep.name from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id = dep.id group by dep.name having avg(age) > 25; 查看不足2人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id) select * from emp where exists ( select id from dep where id > 3 ); 查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工 select t1.id,t1.name,t1.post,t1.hire_date,t2.post,t2.max_date from emp as t1 inner join (select post,max(hire_date) as max_date from emp group by post) as t2 on t1.post = t2.post where t1.hire_date = t2.max_date ;