Python之路_Day12

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-01 12:20:35 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-11-01 12:20:35 发布

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文章标签：数据库大数据 python

原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/sandler613/p/5720000.html

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Python之路_Day12_课堂笔记

上节回顾

一、线程

线程

基本线程使用

队列-消息队列

线程池

进程

基本使用

进程数据共享

进程池
协程

更适用IO操作

二、Memcache、Redis

Memcache

集群：

(C1,1)

(C2,2)

(C3,1)

[C1,C2,C2,C3]

gets/cas

Redis

一、

默认支持连接池

支持事务

发布和订阅

二、Redis基本操作

三、自定义

Redis列表类型

默认全部取

根据索引取值

本节预告

一、线程池

二、redis，发布订阅

三、rabbitMQ

四、MySQL

五、python pymysql

六、Python ORM >SQLAchemy

七、Paramiko

八、堡垒机、跳板机

MySQL：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5699254.html

Redis：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5132791.html

线程池：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4839959.html

一、线程池

1、上下文管理

线程自动关闭示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def work_state(state_list, worker_thread):
state_list.append(work_state)
try:
yield
finally:
state_list.remove(work_state)
free_list = []
current_thread = 'sandler'
with work_state(free_list, current_thread):
print(123)
print(456)

socket自动关闭示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import contextlib
import socket
@contextlib.contextmanager
def context_socket(host, port):
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind((host, port))
sk.listen(5)
try:
yield sk
finally:
sk.close()
with context_socket('127.0.0.1', 8888) as sock:
print(sock)

2、终止线程池操作

二、redis，发布订阅

1、连接池

2、自定义列表操作

3、事务的操作-原子性操作

4、发布订阅

redis服务端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import redis
class RedisHelper:
def __init__(self):
self.__conn = redis.Redis(host='192.168.11.87')
def public(self, msg, chan):
self.__conn.publish(chan, msg)
return True
def subscribe(self, chan):
pub = self.__conn.pubsub()
pub.subscribe(chan)
pub.parse_response()
return pub

redis发布端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import s3
obj = s3.RedisHelper()
obj.public('alex db', 'fm111.7')

redis订阅端
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import s3
obj = s3.RedisHelper()
data = obj.subscribe('fm111.7')
print(data.parse_response())

三、rabbitMQ

RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的，可复用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。

MQ全称为Message Queue, 消息队列（MQ）是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息（针对应用程序的数据）来通信，而无需专用连接来链接它们。消息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信，而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信，直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。排队指的是应用程序通过队列来通信。队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。

Python需要安装的模块pika

生产者消费者示例：

生产者：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
##############生产者###################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello1')
channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello1', body='Hello World!')
print(" [X] Sent 'Hello World!'")
connection.close()

消费者：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
###############消费者####################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello1')
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print('[x] Received %r' % body)
channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello1', no_ack=True)
print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

发布订阅：

发布者exchange示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
import sys
#############发布端######################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs_fanout',
type='fanout')
# message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
message = 'test'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs_fanout',
routing_key='',
body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
connection.close()

订阅者exchange示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
##################订阅者#####################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs_fanout',
type='fanout')
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs_fanout',
queue=queue_name)
print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print(" [x] %r" % body)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()

关键字方式示例：

生产者：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
import sys
#############生产者##############
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
type='direct')
# severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'
# message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
severity = 'info'
message = '123'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',
routing_key=severity,
body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))
connection.close()

消费者1：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
import sys
################消费者######################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
type='direct')
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
# severities = sys.argv[1:]
# if not severities:
# sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]\n" % sys.argv[0])
# sys.exit(1)
severities = ['error', 'info', 'warning']
for severity in severities:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
queue=queue_name,
routing_key=severity)
print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()

消费者2：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import pika
import sys
################消费者######################
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
type='direct')
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
# severities = sys.argv[1:]
# if not severities:
# sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]\n" % sys.argv[0])
# sys.exit(1)
severities = ['error',]
for severity in severities:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
queue=queue_name,
routing_key=severity)
print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()

四、MySQL

权限管理

1、创建文件夹和文件：

数据库、表

2、文件内部数据

表内部的数据

Navicat for MySQL图形化管理MySQL工具

五、python pymysql

安装模块：pip3 install pymysql

http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5699254.html

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。

1、下载安装pymysql模块

pip3 install pymysql

2、使用操作

执行SQL语句：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
# 创建连接
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
# 创建游标
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 执行SQL，并返回收影响行数
effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'")
# 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))
# 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
# 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
conn.commit()
# 关闭游标
cursor.close()
# 关闭连接
conn.close()

获取新创建数据自增ID：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
# 获取最新自增ID
new_id = cursor.lastrowid

获取查询数据：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts")
# 获取第一行数据
row_1 = cursor.fetchone()
# 获取前n行数据
# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# row_3 = cursor.fetchall()
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：

cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动

fetch数据类型

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
# 游标设置为字典类型
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r = cursor.execute("call p1()")
result = cursor.fetchone()
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

六、Python ORM >SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

安装：

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

1、内部处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )
# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]
# )
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
# "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
# host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3
# )
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')
# 获取第一行数据
# cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# cur.fetchall()

2、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

创建表：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 多对多
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

操作表：

表结构 + 数据库连接

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)
# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')
# 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

增加

obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()

删除

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

修改

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()

查找

ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()

其他

#　条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
# 连表
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

3、示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s13", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
# Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 创建所有
# Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) # 删除所有