第二课是僵尸猎食,将把app变得更像一个游戏,添加多人模式,建立更多创造僵尸的方法。
chapter1
依然是简介
chapter2:映射和地址
映射相当于一个索引,指向不同地址,不同地址存储的数据不同,相当于一种特殊的存储结构。此例中用来存储每个僵尸的上一级。
mapping(address=>uint) public accountBalance;
key是address,value是uint。
chapter3: msg.sender
指向调用函数的用户地址。注意:智能合约部署在区块链上,只有当一个外部账户调用智能合约的函数时才会执行合约,所以msg.sender总是存在的。
一个例子:
mapping (address => uint) favoriteNumber; function setMyNumber(uint _myNumber) public { // Update our `favoriteNumber` mapping to store `_myNumber` under `msg.sender` favoriteNumber[msg.sender] = _myNumber; // ^ The syntax for storing data in a mapping is just like with arrays } function whatIsMyNumber() public view returns (uint) { // Retrieve the value stored in the sender's address // Will be `0` if the sender hasn't called `setMyNumber` yet return favoriteNumber[msg.sender]; }
相对于其他存储方式,运用_msg.sender更为安全,只有当你的私钥泄露时,别人才能更改你的账户数据。
chapter4:require
使用require编辑限制条件,不满足条件时程序会抛出异常。
例子:
function sayHiToVitalik(string _name) public returns (string) { // Compares if _name equals "Vitalik". Throws an error and exits if not true. // (Side note: Solidity doesn't have native string comparison, so we // compare their keccak256 hashes to see if the strings are equal) require(keccak256(_name) == keccak256("Vitalik")); // If it's true, proceed with the function: return "Hi!"; }
solidity中字符串不能直接比较,所以将字符串进行keccak256编码再做比较。
注:solidity比较时对两边顺序没有固定要求。
chapter5:继承
类似其他面向对象语言的继承,可继承父亲的public函数等。
contract Dog is Animal{}
chapter6:引入
类似其他语言的库,易于长代码的模块化编辑和管理。
chapter7:storage 和 memory
storage 和 memory 是solidity中变量的两种存储方式,storage 永久存储在区块链上,而memory会在外部函数调用时清除,有点类似计算机的磁盘和ram。solidity默认函数外定义的状态变量是storage存储,而函数内定义的变量是memory形式存储。
当然有时需要手动定义来满足一些需求,不过不用担心,solidity编译器会在你定义不恰当的时候提出warning。
contract SandwichFactory { struct Sandwich { string name; string status; } Sandwich[] sandwiches; function eatSandwich(uint _index) public { // Sandwich mySandwich = sandwiches[_index]; // ^ Seems pretty straightforward, but solidity will give you a warning // telling you that you should explicitly declare `storage` or `memory` here. // So instead, you should declare with the `storage` keyword, like: Sandwich storage mySandwich = sandwiches[_index]; // ...in which case `mySandwich` is a pointer to `sandwiches[_index]` // in storage, and... mySandwich.status = "Eaten!"; // ...this will permanently change `sandwiches[_index]` on the blockchain. // If you just want a copy, you can use `memory`: Sandwich memory anotherSandwich = sandwiches[_index + 1]; // ...in which case `anotherSandwich` will simply be a copy of the // data in memory, and... anotherSandwich.status = "Eaten!"; // ...will just modify the temporary variable and have no effect // on `sandwiches[_index + 1]`. But you can do this: sandwiches[_index + 1] = anotherSandwich; // ...if you want to copy the changes back into blockchain storage. } }
chapter8: Zombie Dna
chapter9: 更多关于函数可见化的问题
除了public和private,solidity中还有internal和external来控制函数可见化。
internal类似于private,但有一点不同,internal定义的函数可以为外部继承合约调用,而private不行。
external类似于public,但external定义的函数只能被其他合约调用,本合约内的函数不能调用。
两者添加定义的方法相同。
chapter10:僵尸吃什么
吃cryptoketties。估计是作者的恶作剧。实际上并不会对cryptokitties的数据产生什么影响,只是读取其中的数据。
所以本章的主题就是和其他的智能合约交互。定义一个新合约,合约只含需要调用的合约内的函数头部,不含其他任何函数或者变量,且用“;”代替函数体大括号。
比如有一个合约:
contract LuckyNumber { mapping(address => uint) numbers; function setNum(uint _num) public { numbers[msg.sender] = _num; } function getNum(address _myAddress) public view returns (uint) { return numbers[_myAddress]; } }
外部合约需要调用getNum函数,则定义接口:
contract NumberInterface { function getNum(address _myAddress) public view returns (uint); }
chapter11: 使用接口
contract MyContract { address NumberInterfaceAddress = 0xab38... // ^ The address of the FavoriteNumber contract on Ethereum NumberInterface numberContract = NumberInterface(NumberInterfaceAddress); // Now `numberContract` is pointing to the other contract function someFunction() public { // Now we can call `getNum` from that contract: uint num = numberContract.getNum(msg.sender); // ...and do something with `num` here } }
定义一个接口合约地址就好
chapter12:多参数返回值
例子:
function multipleReturns() internal returns(uint a, uint b, uint c) { return (1, 2, 3); } function processMultipleReturns() external { uint a; uint b; uint c; // This is how you do multiple assignment: (a, b, c) = multipleReturns(); } // Or if we only cared about one of the values: function getLastReturnValue() external { uint c; // We can just leave the other fields blank: (,,c) = multipleReturns(); }
后续函数调用多参数返回函数时,可以只返回一个或若干个值,但要把其他返回值空出来,加逗号隔开就行。
chapter13:奖励:kitty基因
让那些继承自kitty的zombies有独特的特征,即修改定义僵尸特征的16位数的最后两位。
chapter14:部署合约