RAID磁盘阵列

RAID 类型：

RAID类型		最低磁盘个数	空间利用率	各自的优缺点
级 别	说 明
RAID0	条带卷	2+	100%	读写速度快，不容错
RAID1	镜像卷	2	50%	读写速度一般，容错
RAID5	带奇偶校验的条带卷	3+	(n-1)/n	读写速度快，容错，允许坏一块盘
RAID10	RAID1的安全+RAID0的高速	4	50%	读写速度快，容错

Mdadm 命令详解

常见参数解释：

参数	作用
-a	检测设备名 添加磁盘
-n	指定设备数量
-l	指定RAID级别
-C	创建
-v	显示过程
-f	模拟设备损坏
-r	移除设备
-Q	查看摘要信息
-D	查看详细信息
-S	停止RAID磁盘阵列

 

搭建 raid 10 阵列

 

第一步：查看磁盘
[root@ken ~]# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sda2  /dev/sdb  /dev/sdc  /dev/sdd  /dev/sde
 
第二步：下载mdadm
[root@ken ~]# yum install mdadm -y
 
第三步：创建raid10阵列
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}
（-C:创建磁盘阵列 v：显示创建过程 /dev/md0 ：阵列名称 -a：是否检测 -n :指定磁盘数量 -l：阵列类型  /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}:用来创建阵列的磁盘名）
mdadm: layout defaults to n2
mdadm: layout defaults to n2
mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K
mdadm: size set to 20954112K
mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
 
第四步：格式磁盘阵列为ext4
[root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
mapper/ mcelog  md0     mem     midi    mqueue/ 
[root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks
2621440 inodes, 10477056 blocks
523852 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408
320 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
    4096000, 7962624

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done   
 
第五步：挂载
[root@ken ~]# mkdir /raid10
[root@ken ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid10
[root@ken ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  1.2G   16G   7% /
devtmpfs                 224M     0  224M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    236M     0  236M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    236M  5.6M  230M   3% /run
tmpfs                    236M     0  236M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               1014M  130M  885M  13% /boot
tmpfs                     48M     0   48M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md0                  40G   49M   38G   1% /raid10
 
第六步：查看/dev/md0的详细信息
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019
        Raid Level : raid10
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 4
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:11:41 2019
             State : clean, resyncing 
    Active Devices : 4
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

            Layout : near=2
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

     Resync Status : 96% complete

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98
            Events : 26

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       16        0      active sync set-A   /dev/sdb
       1       8       32        1      active sync set-B   /dev/sdc
       2       8       48        2      active sync set-A   /dev/sdd
       3       8       64        3      active sync set-B   /dev/sde
 
第七步：写入到配置文件中
[root@ken ~]# echo "/dev/md0 /raid10 ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab

 

磁盘阵列损坏以及修复

第一步：模拟设备损坏
[root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb
mdadm: set /dev/sdb faulty in /dev/md0
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019
        Raid Level : raid10
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 4
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:15:59 2019
             State : clean, degraded 
    Active Devices : 3
   Working Devices : 3
    Failed Devices : 1
     Spare Devices : 0

            Layout : near=2
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98
            Events : 30

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       -       0        0        0      removed
       1       8       32        1      active sync set-B   /dev/sdc
       2       8       48        2      active sync set-A   /dev/sdd
       3       8       64        3      active sync set-B   /dev/sde

       0       8       16        -      faulty   /dev/sdb
 
第二步：添加新的磁盘
在RAID 10级别的磁盘阵列中，当RAID 1磁盘阵列中存在一个故障盘时并不影响RAID 10磁盘阵列的使用。当购买了新的硬盘设备后再使用mdadm命令来予以替换即可，在此期间我们可以在/RAID目录中正常地创建或删除文件。由于我们是在虚拟机中模拟硬盘，所以先重启系统，然后再把新的硬盘添加到RAID磁盘阵列中。
[root@ken ~]# reboot
[root@ken ~]# umount /raid10
[root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb
mdadm: added /dev/sdb
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D  /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019
        Raid Level : raid10
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 4
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:19:14 2019
             State : clean, degraded, recovering 
    Active Devices : 3
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 1

            Layout : near=2
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

    Rebuild Status : 7% complete                                      #这里显示重建进度

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98
            Events : 35

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       4       8       16        0      spare rebuilding   /dev/sdb    #rebuilding重建中
       1       8       32        1      active sync set-B   /dev/sdc
       2       8       48        2      active sync set-A   /dev/sdd
       3       8       64        3      active sync set-B   /dev/sde
 
再次查看发现已经构建完毕
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D  /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019
        Raid Level : raid10
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 4
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:20:52 2019
             State : clean 
    Active Devices : 4
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

            Layout : near=2
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98
            Events : 51

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       4       8       16        0      active sync set-A   /dev/sdb
       1       8       32        1      active sync set-B   /dev/sdc
       2       8       48        2      active sync set-A   /dev/sdd
       3       8       64        3      active sync set-B   /dev/sde

搭建 raid 5 阵列 以及备份盘

 

第一步：查看磁盘
[root@ken ~]# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sda2  /dev/sdb  /dev/sdc  /dev/sdd  /dev/sde
 
第二步：创建RAID5阵列
[root@ken ~]# mdadm  -Cv /dev/md0 -n 3 -l 5 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}
(-x :指定备份盘个数)
mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric
mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric
mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K
mdadm: size set to 20954112K
mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
 
第三步：格式化为ext4
[root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks
2621440 inodes, 10477056 blocks
523852 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408
320 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
    4096000, 7962624

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done  
 
第四步：挂载
[root@ken ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid5
[root@ken ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  1.2G   16G   7% /
devtmpfs                 476M     0  476M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    488M  7.7M  480M   2% /run
tmpfs                    488M     0  488M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               1014M  130M  885M  13% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md0                  40G   49M   38G   1% /raid5
 
第五步：查看阵列信息
可以发现有一个备份盘/dev/sde
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:35:10 2019
        Raid Level : raid5
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 3
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:37:11 2019
             State : active 
    Active Devices : 3
   Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 1  （备份盘）

            Layout : left-symmetric
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : b693fe72:4452bd3f:4d995779:ee33bc77
            Events : 76

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       16        0      active sync   /dev/sdb
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc
       4       8       48        2      active sync   /dev/sdd

       3       8       64        -      spare   /dev/sde
 
第六步：模拟/dev/sdb磁盘损坏
可以发现/dev/sde备份盘立即开始构建
[root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb
mdadm: set /dev/sdb faulty in /dev/md0
[root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:35:10 2019
        Raid Level : raid5
        Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB)
     Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
      Raid Devices : 3
     Total Devices : 4
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:38:41 2019
             State : active, degraded, recovering 
    Active Devices : 2
   Working Devices : 3
    Failed Devices : 1
     Spare Devices : 1

            Layout : left-symmetric
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : resync

    Rebuild Status : 2% complete

              Name : ken:0  (local to host ken)
              UUID : b693fe72:4452bd3f:4d995779:ee33bc77
            Events : 91

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       3       8       64        0      spare rebuilding   /dev/sde
       1       8       32        1      active sync   /dev/sdc
       4       8       48        2      active sync   /dev/sdd

       0       8       16        -      faulty   /dev/sdb

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/leeeel/p/10816027.html