封装指的是将对象的状态信息隐藏在对象内部，不允许外部直接访问对象内部信息，而是通过该类提供的方法来实现对内部信息的操作和访问；封装的含义，实际上，是把该隐藏的隐藏起来，该暴露的暴露出来；Python只需要将类的成员名为以双下划线开头，就可以隐藏类中的成员。
一、封装数据属性
例：
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class
Fraction:
__grade
=
0
def
__init__(
self
,name):
self
.__name
=
name
def
setting_grade(
self
,var):
if
isinstance
(var,
int
)
and
var >
=
0
and
var <
=
100
:
Fraction.__grade
=
var
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的分数！'
)
def
setting_name(
self
,set_name):
if
isinstance
(set_name,
str
):
self
.__name
=
set_name
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的姓名！'
)
def
get_fraction(
self
):
print
(
'%s分数是：%s'
%
(
self
.__name,Fraction.__grade))
F
=
Fraction(
'小黄'
)
print
(F.__grade)
# 报错 AttributeError: 'Fraction' object has no attribute '__grade'
print
(F.__name)
# 报错 AttributeError: 'Fraction' object has no attribute '__name'
F.get_fraction()
# 打印 小黄分数是：0
F.setting_name(
'小明'
)
F.setting_grade(
100
)
# setting_grade()、setting_name()会对用户设置grade、name进行控制，符合条件才能允许设置
F.get_fraction()
# 打印 小明分数是：100
# 可以使用 _类名来访问或修改对象的实例变量
print
(F._Fraction__grade)
# 打印 100
print
(F._Fraction__name)
# 打印 小明
|
上面例子中，代码print (F.__grade)和print (F.__name)直接访问私有变量会报错setting_grade()、setting_name()方法用于对grade、name进行设置，只有符合条件才能允许设置；print (F._Fraction__grade)和print (F._Fraction__name)通过 _类名来访问对象的实例变量（通常不要这么做），可以看出Python并没有实现真正隐藏，只是改变以双下划线开头的变量，在这些变量前添加单下画线和变量名。
二、封装函数属性
例：
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class
SumFraction:
def
__init__(
self
,usually,test):
self
.__usually
=
usually
self
.__test
=
test
def
set_usually_score(
self
,usually_var):
if
isinstance
(usually_var,
int
)
and
usually_var >
=
0
and
usually_var <
=
100
:
self
.__usually
=
usually_var
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的分数！'
)
def
set_test_score(
self
,test_var):
if
isinstance
(test_var,
int
)
and
test_var >
=
0
and
test_var <
=
100
:
self
.__test
=
test_var
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的分数！'
)
def
__calculation(
self
):
# 私有方法，只能内部使用，对外部隐藏运算逻辑
return
self
.__usually
*
0.3
+
self
.__test
*
0.7
def
final_grade(
self
):
return
self
.__calculation()
S
=
SumFraction(
100
,
50
)
print
(S.final_grade())
# 打印 65.0
print
(S.__calculation())
# 调用隐藏的__calculation()方法，会报错 AttributeError: 'SumFraction' object has no attribute '__calculation'
print
(S._SumFraction__calculation())
# 可以使用_类名方法名调用（不推荐这样做），打印 65.0
# 修改__usually和__test
S.set_usually_score(
70
)
S.set_test_score(
100
)
print
(S.final_grade())
# 通过final_grade()方法内部进行访问__calculation()私有方法，打印 91.0
|
上面代码中，set_usually_score()和set_test_score()用于对usually 、test进行设置；__calculation()是私有方法，默认是隐藏的，只允许内部使用，外部使用会报错，当然也可以使用_类名方法名调用，但并不推荐这么做；print (S.final_grade())通过final_grade()方法内部访问__calculation()私有方法。
三、property
先看一下帮助文档：
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>>>
help
(
property
)
Help
on
class
property
in
module builtins:
class
property
(
object
)
|
property
(fget
=
None
, fset
=
None
, fdel
=
None
, doc
=
None
)
|
|
Property
attribute.
|
| fget
| function to be used
for
getting an attribute value
| fset
| function to be used
for
setting an attribute value
| fdel
| function to be used
for
del
'ing an attribute
| doc
| docstring
|
| Typical use
is
to define a managed attribute x:
|
|
class
C(
object
):
|
def
getx(
self
):
return
self
._x
|
def
setx(
self
, value):
self
._x
=
value
|
def
delx(
self
):
del
self
._x
| x
=
property
(getx, setx, delx,
"I'm the 'x' property."
)
|
| Decorators make defining new properties
or
modifying existing ones easy:
|
|
class
C(
object
):
| @
property
|
def
x(
self
):
|
"I am the 'x' property."
|
return
self
._x
| @x.setter
|
def
x(
self
, value):
|
self
._x
=
value
| @x.deleter
|
def
x(
self
):
|
del
self
._x
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delete__(
self
, instance,
/
)
| Delete an attribute of instance.
|
| __get__(
self
, instance, owner,
/
)
| Return an attribute of instance, which
is
of
type
owner.
|
| __getattribute__(
self
, name,
/
)
| Return
getattr
(
self
, name).
|
| __init__(
self
,
/
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
| Initialize
self
. See
help
(
type
(
self
))
for
accurate signature.
|
| __set__(
self
, instance, value,
/
)
|
Set
an attribute of instance to value.
|
| deleter(...)
| Descriptor to change the deleter on a
property
.
|
| getter(...)
| Descriptor to change the getter on a
property
.
|
| setter(...)
| Descriptor to change the setter on a
property
.
|
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-
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
from
builtins.
type
| Create
and
return
a new
object
. See
help
(
type
)
for
accurate signature.
|
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| Data descriptors defined here:
|
| __isabstractmethod__
|
| fdel
|
| fget
|
| fset
|
@property 可以在一个类中把方法变成同名属性调用，能用属性的方式来访问该属性。
@x.setter 表示可写，最大作用是用于限制属性的定义，x是被@property修饰的方法名，@x.setter修饰的方法名@property修饰的方法名必须同名。
@x.deleter 表示可删除，x是被@property修饰的方法名，@x.deleter修饰的方法名@property修饰的方法名必须同名。
例：
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class
SumFraction:
def
__init__(
self
,value):
self
.__score
=
value
@property
# 读
def
score(
self
):
print
(
'读......'
)
return
self
.__score
@score
.setter
# 写
def
score(
self
,var):
print
(
'写......'
)
if
isinstance
(var,
int
)
and
var >
=
0
and
var <
=
100
:
self
.__score
=
var
return
self
.__score
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的分数！'
)
return
@score
.deleter
# 删除
def
score(
self
):
print
(
"删除self.__score......"
)
del
self
.__score
S
=
SumFraction(
100
)
S.score
=
80
# 写，打印 改......
print
(S.score)
'''
读，打印
读......
80
'''
del
S.score
# 删除，打印 删除self.__score......
print
(S.score)
# __score已被删除，打印 AttributeError: 'SumFraction' object has no attribute '_SumFraction__score'
|
用property类来实现，例：
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class
SumFraction:
def
__init__(
self
,value):
self
.__score
=
value
def
get_score(
self
):
print
(
'读......'
)
return
self
.__score
def
set_score(
self
,var):
print
(
'写......'
)
if
isinstance
(var,
int
)
and
var >
=
0
and
var <
=
100
:
self
.__score
=
var
return
self
.__score
else
:
print
(
'请输入正确的分数！'
)
return
def
del_score(
self
):
print
(
"删除self.__score......"
)
del
self
.__score
score
=
property
(get_score,set_score,del_score,
'这里是属性含义~ '
)
S
=
SumFraction(
100
)
S.score
=
80
# 写，打印 改......
print
(S.score)
'''
读，打印
读......
80
'''
print
(SumFraction.score.__doc__)
# 属性含义，打印 这里是属性含义~
del
S.score
# 删除，打印 删除self.__score......
print
(S.score)
# __score已被删除，打印 AttributeError: 'SumFraction' object has no attribute '_SumFraction__score'
|
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