模块

最新推荐文章于 2021-04-03 12:17:22 发布

weixin_30808575

最新推荐文章于 2021-04-03 12:17:22 发布

阅读量645

点赞数

文章标签： shell json 操作系统

原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/wanghzh/p/5514567.html

版权

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove()  删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令，直接显示
os.environ  获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径，返回True
os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

2、sys用于提供对解释器相关的操作

sys.argv           命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

3.hashlib #加密

文件中对密码进行加密

import hashlib
def md5(pwd):
    hash=hashlib.md5(bytes('xx7',encoding='utf-8'))
    hash.update(bytes(pwd,encoding='utf-8'))
    return hash.hexdigest()
def login(usr,pwd):                              #登陆
    with open('db','r') as  f:
        for line in f:
            u,p=line.strip().split('|')
            if u==usr and p==md5(pwd):        #和加密后的密码进行比较
                return True
            else:
                return False
def register(usr,pwd):                           #注册
    with open('db','a') as  f:
        temp=usr+'|'+md5(pwd)                    #写入加密后的密码
        f.write(temp)
usr=input('usr:')
pwd=input('pwd:')
inp=input('1.register 2.login')
if inp=='1':
    register(usr,pwd)
elif inp=='2':
    r=login(usr,pwd)
    if r:
        print('ok')
    else:
        print('no')

4.json & pickle 模块

Python中用于序列化的两个模块

json 用于【字符串】和【python基本数据类型】间进行转换
pickle 用于【python特有的类型】和【python基本数据类型】间进行转换

Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

　　json.loads()#将字符串转换成 python基本数据类型便于读取 #注意：json.loads() 如果内容是字典，里面必须是双引号

　　json.dumps#将python的基本数据类型转换成字符串便于写入文件

import json
li = "[11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99]"
dic = '{"5":"inviload"}' #中间必须是双引号
print(json.loads(li))
print(json.loads(dic))

dic1 = {"5":"inviload"}
print(json.dumps(dic1),type(json.dumps(dic1)))

5.系统自带的全局变量

　 __doc__ 文件注释

　　__file__ 当前文件路径

　　__package__ 指定文件所在的包，用.分割当前文件None

　　__cached__ 缓存当前文件None

　　__name__ 主文件 __name__=="__main__",否则，等于模块名

目录的拼接，添加同一级文件夹到path

添加bin目录到path

6.第三方模块的安装

下载安装：1.将pip目录添加在系统环境变量中

2.pip3 install requests

源码安装：1.下载，解压，终端进入目录，执行python setup.py install

7.requests 模块

import requests
r=requests.get('http://www.weather.com.cn/adat/sk/101010500.html')   #获取文件内容
r.encoding='utf-8'
result=r.text                                                        #提取文件内容
print(result)

# 1、无参数实例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
 
 
 
# 2、有参数实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)

GET请求

# 1、基本POST实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 
print(ret.text)
 
 
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
 
import requests
import json
 
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
 
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

POST请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

其他请求

8.Http请求和XML实例

实例：检测QQ账号是否在线

import urllib
import requests
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
"""
f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508')
result = f.read().decode('utf-8')           #结果为字符串
"""


# 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508')
result = r.text

# 解析XML格式内容
node = ET.XML(result)

# 获取内容
if node.text == "Y":
    print("在线")
else:
    print("离线")

实例：查看火车停靠信息　

import urllib
import requests
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
"""
f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=')
result = f.read().decode('utf-8')
"""

# 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容
r = requests.get('http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=')
result = r.text

# 解析XML格式内容
root = ET.XML(result)
for node in root.iter('TrainDetailInfo'):     #.iter遍历每一个节点
    print(node.find('TrainStation').text,node.find('StartTime').text,node.tag,node.attrib)   #.text提取值   .tag获取标签名  .attrib 获取标签属性

　set 添加属性　del 删除属性

import requests
from xml.etree import ElementTree

tree=ElementTree.parse('fist.xml')  #一种可以保存的打开方式
root=tree.getroot() #获取根节点
print(root.get)  # 获取元素属性

for node in root.iter('year'):
    new_year=int(node.text)+1
    node.text=str(new_year)
    node.set('name','alex') #设置属性
    del node.attrib['name']  #删除属性
tree.write('fist.xml')      #重新写入文件

　创建XML文档

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根节点
new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")

# 创建根节点的子节点
name1 = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "name", attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})

age1 = ET.SubElement(name1, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
sex1 = ET.SubElement(name1, "sex")
sex1.text = '33'

# 创建根节点的子节点
name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "name", attrib={"enrolled": "no"})

age2 = ET.SubElement(name2, "age")
age2.text = '19'

et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml)  #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)

　　创建结果

<namelist>
        <name enrolled="yes">
            <age checked="no" />
            <sex>33</sex>
        </name>
        <name enrolled="no">
            <age>19</age>
        </name>
</namelist>

XML补充

8.1、解析XML

利用ElementTree.xml将字符串解析成xml对象

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象

　利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象　

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象

8.2 操作XML

XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：

class Element:
    """An XML element.

    This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.

    An element's length is its number of subelements.  That means if you
    want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
    its length AND its text attribute.

    The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
    bytes or strings.

    *tag* is the element name.  *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
    element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
    keyword arguments.

    Example form:
        <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail

    """

    当前节点的标签名
    tag = None
    """The element's name."""

    当前节点的属性

    attrib = None
    """Dictionary of the element's attributes."""

    当前节点的内容
    text = None
    """
    Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
    Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
    None or the empty string, depending on the parser.

    """

    tail = None
    """
    Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's
    start tag.  This is either a string or the value None.  Note that if there
    was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
    depending on the parser.

    """

    def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
        if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
            raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
                attrib.__class__.__name__,))
        attrib = attrib.copy()
        attrib.update(extra)
        self.tag = tag
        self.attrib = attrib
        self._children = []

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))

    def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
        创建一个新节点
        """Create a new element with the same type.

        *tag* is a string containing the element name.
        *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.

        Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.

        """
        return self.__class__(tag, attrib)

    def copy(self):
        """Return copy of current element.

        This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
        original tree.

        """
        elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
        elem.text = self.text
        elem.tail = self.tail
        elem[:] = self
        return elem

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._children)

    def __bool__(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "The behavior of this method will change in future versions.  "
            "Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",
            FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self._children[index]

    def __setitem__(self, index, element):
        # if isinstance(index, slice):
        #     for elt in element:
        #         assert iselement(elt)
        # else:
        #     assert iselement(element)
        self._children[index] = element

    def __delitem__(self, index):
        del self._children[index]

    def append(self, subelement):
        为当前节点追加一个子节点
        """Add *subelement* to the end of this element.

        The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
        subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),
        but before the end tag for this element.

        """
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.append(subelement)

    def extend(self, elements):
        为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
        """Append subelements from a sequence.

        *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.

        """
        for element in elements:
            self._assert_is_element(element)
        self._children.extend(elements)

    def insert(self, index, subelement):
        在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
        """Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.insert(index, subelement)

    def _assert_is_element(self, e):
        # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
        # shadowing C implementation.
        if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
            raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__)

    def remove(self, subelement):
        在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
        """Remove matching subelement.

        Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
        identity, NOT ON tag value or contents.  To remove subelements by
        other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
        select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
        the parent element.

        ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.

        """
        # assert iselement(element)
        self._children.remove(subelement)

    def getchildren(self):
        获取所有的子节点（废弃）
        """(Deprecated) Return all subelements.

        Elements are returned in document order.

        """
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return self._children

    def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点
        """Find first matching element by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.

        """
        return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)

    def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
        """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
        none was found.  Note that if an element is found having no text
        content, the empty string is returned.

        """
        return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)

    def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有的子节点
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.

        """
        return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)

    def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.

        """
        return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)

    def clear(self):
        清空节点
        """Reset element.

        This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
        the text and tail attributes to None.

        """
        self.attrib.clear()
        self._children = []
        self.text = self.tail = None

    def get(self, key, default=None):
        获取当前节点的属性值
        """Get element attribute.

        Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
        bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to look for, and
        *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.

        Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
        attribute was not found.

        """
        return self.attrib.get(key, default)

    def set(self, key, value):
        为当前节点设置属性值
        """Set element attribute.

        Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
        this a bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to set, and
        *value* is the attribute value to set it to.

        """
        self.attrib[key] = value

    def keys(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性的 key

        """Get list of attribute names.

        Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
        Python dict.  Equivalent to attrib.keys()

        """
        return self.attrib.keys()

    def items(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
        """Get element attributes as a sequence.

        The attributes are returned in arbitrary order.  Equivalent to
        attrib.items().

        Return a list of (name, value) tuples.

        """
        return self.attrib.items()

    def iter(self, tag=None):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create tree iterator.

        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all elements with a matching tag.

        If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
        elements may or may not be included.  To get a stable set, use the
        list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.

        *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)

        Return an iterator containing all the matching elements.

        """
        if tag == "*":
            tag = None
        if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
            yield self
        for e in self._children:
            yield from e.iter(tag)

    # compatibility
    def getiterator(self, tag=None):
        # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",
            PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
        )
        return list(self.iter(tag))

    def itertext(self):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create text iterator.

        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all inner text.

        """
        tag = self.tag
        if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
            return
        if self.text:
            yield self.text
        for e in self:
            yield from e.itertext()
            if e.tail:
                yield e.tail

节点功能一览表

　　由于每个节点都具有以上的方法，并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root（xml文件的根节点），so 可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件。

a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()


### 操作

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)


# 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:
    # 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
    print(child.tag, child.attrib)
    # 遍历XML文档的第三层
    for i in child:
        # 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
        print(i.tag,i.text)

b、遍历XML中指定的节点

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()


### 操作

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)


# 遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 节点的标签名称和内容
    print(node.tag, node.text)

c、修改节点内容

由于修改的节点时，均是在内存中进行，其不会影响文件中的内容。所以，如果想要修改，则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。

解析字符串方式，修改，保存

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############

# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)

    # 设置属性
    node.set('name', 'alex')
    node.set('age', '18')
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib['name']


############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析字符串方式，修改，保存

　解析文件方式，修改，保存　

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)

    # 设置属性
    node.set('name', 'alex')
    node.set('age', '18')
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib['name']


############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析文件方式，修改，保存

　d、删除节点　

解析 字符串 方式，删除，保存

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############

# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
    # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)

    if rank > 50:
        # 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)

############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析字符串方式打开，删除，保存

　　解析文件方式，删除，保存

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析文件方式 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
    # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)

    if rank > 50:
        # 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)

############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析文件方式打开，删除，保存

　　3、创建XML文档

方式一：

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（一）

方式二：

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})

son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（二）

方式三：

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})

# 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'


et = ET.ElementTree(root)  #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（三）

设置缩进

由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话，需要修改保存方式：

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidom


def prettify(elem):
    """将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。
    """
    rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')
    reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
    return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t")

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})

son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)


raw_str = prettify(root)

f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()

　　4、命名空间

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

ET.register_namespace('com',"http://www.company.com") #some name

# build a tree structure
root = ET.Element("{http://www.company.com}STUFF")
body = ET.SubElement(root, "{http://www.company.com}MORE_STUFF", attrib={"{http://www.company.com}hhh": "123"})
body.text = "STUFF EVERYWHERE!"

# wrap it in an ElementTree instance, and save as XML
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)

tree.write("page.xml",
           xml_declaration=True,
           encoding='utf-8',
           method="xml")

命名空间

9.time & datetime模块

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
import time
import datetime
 
print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃
print(time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃
print(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳
print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue Jan 26 18:23:48 2016 ,当前系统时间
print(time.ctime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转为字符串格式
print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式
print(time.localtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,但返回 的本地时间
print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式
#time.sleep(4) #sleep
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式
print(time.strptime("2016-01-28","%Y-%m-%d") ) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式
 
#datetime module
 
print(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26
print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式
current_time = datetime.datetime.now() #
print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935
print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式
 
#datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]])
print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换
 
str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120s
print(new_date)

Directive	Meaning	Notes
`%a`	Locale’s abbreviated weekday name.
`%A`	Locale’s full weekday name.
`%b`	Locale’s abbreviated month name.
`%B`	Locale’s full month name.
`%c`	Locale’s appropriate date and time representation.
`%d`	Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
`%H`	Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
`%I`	Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
`%j`	Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].
`%m`	Month as a decimal number [01,12].
`%M`	Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
`%p`	Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM.	(1)
`%S`	Second as a decimal number [00,61].	(2)
`%U`	Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.	(3)
`%w`	Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].
`%W`	Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.	(3)
`%x`	Locale’s appropriate date representation.
`%X`	Locale’s appropriate time representation.
`%y`	Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].
`%Y`	Year with century as a decimal number.
`%z`	Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59].
`%Z`	Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).
`%%`	A literal `'%'` character.

十、logging 模块

用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块

1、单文件日志

import logging
  
  
logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log',
                    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s',
                    datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p',
                    level=10)       #一般写  level=logging.INFO

   logging.debug('debug')

   logging.info('info') 

   logging.warning('warning')

   logging.error('error') 

   logging.critical('critical') 

   logging.log(10,'log')

　　日志等级：

CRITICAL = 50
FATAL = CRITICAL
ERROR = 40
WARNING = 30
WARN = WARNING
INFO = 20
DEBUG = 10
NOTSET = 0

　注：只有【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时，日志文件才被记录。

日志记录格式：

2、多文件日志　

对于上述记录日志的功能，只能将日志记录在单文件中，如果想要设置多个日志文件，logging.basicConfig将无法完成，需要自定义文件和日志操作对象。

日志1：

# 定义文件
file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler('l1_1.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s")
file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt)

file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler('l1_2.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter()
file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt)

# 定义日志
logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR)
logger1.addHandler(file_1_1)
logger1.addHandler(file_1_2)


# 写日志
logger1.critical('1111')

日志（一）

　　日志2：

# 定义文件
file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('l2_1.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter()
file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt)

# 定义日志
logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO)
logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)

日志（二）

如上述创建的两个日志对象

当使用【logger1】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l1_1.log 和 l1_2.log 文件中
当使用【logger2】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l2_1.log 文件中

十一、系统命令 subprocess 模块

call 执行命令，返回状态码：正常返回0

ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)
ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)

check_call 执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常　　

subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)

　　check_output 执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常

subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)

　　subprocess.Popen(...)

用于执行复杂的系统命令

参数：

- args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
- bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他缓冲区大小,负值系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
  所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
- shell：同上
- cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
  将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等

执行普通命令：

import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)

终端输入的命令分为两种：

输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python

import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)

import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
obj.stdin.write("print(2)")

out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print(out_error_list)

import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
obj.stdin.write("print(2)")
obj.stdin.close()

cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()

print(cmd_out)
print(cmd_error)

import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
out_error_list = obj.communicate('print("hello")')
print(out_error_list)

十二、shutil

高级的文件、文件夹、压缩包处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])

将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可指定长度，复制模式w和a模式

import shutil
 
shutil.copyfileobj(open('old.xml','r'), open('new.xml', 'w'))

　　shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

拷贝文件

shutil.copyfile('f1.log', 'f2.log')

　　shutil.copymode(src, dst)

仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log')

　　shutil.copystat(src, dst)

拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

shutil.copystat('f1.log', 'f2.log')

shutil.copy(src, dst)

拷贝文件和权限

import shutil
 
shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')

shutil.copy2(src, dst)

拷贝文件和状态信息

import shutil
 
shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

递归的去拷贝文件夹

import shutil
 
shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

import shutil

shutil.copytree('f1', 'f2', symlinks=True, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

递归的去删除文件

import shutil
 
shutil.rmtree('folder1')

shutil.move(src, dst)

递归的去移动文件，它类似mv命令，其实就是重命名

import shutil
 
shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

- base_name：压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
  如：www =>保存至当前路径
  如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
- format：压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir：要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner：用户，默认当前用户
- group：组，默认当前组
- logger：用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象

#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
  
  
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

zipfile 解压缩

import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()

zipfile解压缩

tarfile 解压缩

import tarfile

# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.log', arcname='bbs2.log')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.log', arcname='cmdb.log')
tar.close()

# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()

tarfile解压缩

十三、configparser 配置文件处理

configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质上是利用open来操作文件。

指定格式：

# 注释1
;  注释2
 
[section1] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值
k2:v2       # 值
 
[section2] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值

指定格式

1、获取所有节点

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.sections()
print(ret)

2、获取指定节点下所有的键值对

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.items('section1')
print(ret)

3.获取指定节点下所有的建

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.options('section1')
print(ret)

4.获取指定节点下指定key的值

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
 
 
v = config.get('section1', 'k1')
# v = config.getint('section1', 'k1')
# v = config.getfloat('section1', 'k1')
# v = config.getboolean('section1', 'k1')
 
print(v)

5.检查、删除、添加节点

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
 
 
# 检查
has_sec = config.has_section('section1')
print(has_sec)
 
# 添加节点
config.add_section("SEC_1")
config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
 
# 删除节点
config.remove_section("SEC_1")
config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))

6.检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对

import configparser
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
 
# 检查
has_opt = config.has_option('section1', 'k1')
print(has_opt)
 
# 删除
config.remove_option('section1', 'k1')
config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
 
# 设置
config.set('section1', 'k10', "123")
config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/wanghzh/p/5514567.html

weixin_30808575

关注

0
点赞
踩
2

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
模块

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cdos.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目...
复制链接

扫一扫