官方围观社区 https://community.cisco.com/t5/switching/bd-p/6016-discussions-lan-switching-routing
一:认识硬件构成
内存+散热风扇+12V/240V电源适配器+LED状态指示灯+网卡模块+MCU模块 = 7个基础模块
超复杂路由器:100M口网卡+1000M口网卡+语音模块+ethornet模块+广域网模块+上一图模块
路由器模块 比 交换机模块少:电源+interface模块+集成主板+LED外接模块
WiFi也比较少:天线模块+LED模块+interface模块+电源模块+集成主板
下面认识一下路由设备板子设计
上图还是比较有用的:当用于自制接线的时候,可按板子对应线的接口进行自制线操作更加灵活(视实际板子情况自行查询)
二:认识系统启动流程
1.实际流程
2.概要流程
启动流程:
1.POST硬件自检
2.bootstrap系统引导
3.Load IOS系统加载
4.Load config
show version也会显示以下内容
路由设备系统文件操作
Router#delete ? -----------------删除Flash
WORD File to be deleted
flash: File to be deleted
Router#show flash
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status -----删除前
3 33591768 c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin
4 0 mkdir
2 28282 sigdef-category.xml
1 227537 sigdef-default.xml
[33847587 bytes used, 30168797 available, 64016384 total]
63488K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Router#delete flash -------删除后
Delete filename []?c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin
Delete flash:/c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin? [confirm]
Router#show flash
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
4 0 mkdir
2 28282 sigdef-category.xml
1 227537 sigdef-default.xml
[255819 bytes used, 63760565 available, 64016384 total]
63488K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
#############################备份flash中的bin系统参照COPY备份命令###############################
Router#copy ? ---复制flash中的.bin系统文件到TFTP/FTP服务器(Windows IIS中的FTP需要验证账号,可能会出现认证失败导致的错误,下载网络上的FTP软件做无账号登录就OK了)
flash: Copy from flash: file system
ftp: Copy from ftp: file system
running-config Copy from current system configuration
startup-config Copy from startup configuration
tftp: Copy from tftp: file system
Router#show flash ---显示当前系统存储位置所有文件(只读)
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
3 33591768 c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin
2 28282 sigdef-category.xml
1 227537 sigdef-default.xml
[33847587 bytes used, 221896413 available, 255744000 total]
249856K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Router(config)#ip ftp user cisco -----设置FTP/TFTP服务器登录名称
Router(config)#ip ftp password cisco -----------设置FTP/TFTP登录密码
Router#copy startup-config ftp ------备份当前启动配置
Address or name of remote host []? 10.10.10.2
Destination filename [Router-confg]? c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin
Writing startup-config...
[OK - 789 bytes]
789 bytes copied in 0.132 secs (5000 bytes/sec)
Router#copy startup-config ftp --------当前startup-config 备份到FTP/TFTP
Address or name of remote host []? 10.10.10.2
Destination filename [Router-confg]?
Writing startup-config...
[OK - 789 bytes]
789 bytes copied in 0.132 secs (5000 bytes/sec)
Router#erase startup-config -----删除startup-config后再从FTP/TFTP进行配置恢复
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm]
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
%SYS-7-NV_BLOCK_INIT: Initialized the geometry of nvram
Router#dir nvram ------刪除后查看startup-config掉电存储NVRAM
Directory of nvram:/
No files in directory
Router#show startup-config --------删除startup-config后查询配置
startup-config is not present
Router#copy ftp startup-config
Address or name of remote host []? 10.10.10.2 -------从备份服务器FTP进行配置恢复
Source filename []? Router-confg
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Accessing ftp://10.10.10.2/Router-confg...
[OK - 789 bytes]
789 bytes copied in 0.01 secs (78900 bytes/sec)
Router#dir nvram ------查看NVRAM掉电存储的startup-config文件
Directory of nvram:/
238 -rw- 705 <no date> startup-config
705 bytes total (237588 bytes free)
--------show startup-config 也能正常查询配置了-----
路由器版本升级
Router# dir flash: ---------查看目前IOS映象文件名,也可用Router#Show version
Directory of flash:/
1 -rw- 5998292 C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN
8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free)
copy flash tftp --------备份IOS文件
Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin
Address or name of remote host []?10.10.10.2
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec)
copy tftp flash -----------升级flash的.bin系统
Address or name of remote host []?10.10.10.2
Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (需升级的新IOS映象文件名)
Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]?
Do you want to over write? [confirm]
Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin...
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erasedee
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (via
[OK - 5998292 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (0xA0C0)
5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec)
Router#erase ? ---用来删除NVRAM中的startup-config,上一个命令有用到
startup-config Erase contents of configuration memory
Router#dir ? ------- 主要是在以下空间进行文件查看
WORD Directory or file name
flash: Directory or file name
nvram: Directory or file name
Router#mkdir ? ----用于在flash下创建文件
WORD Directory name
flash: Directory name
Router#rmdir ? ---用于在flash空间下删除文件
WORD Directory name
flash: Directory name
总结:
1. ROM(只读内存) = POST(开机自检系统) + Bootstrap(系统引导系统) + Mino IOS (引导找不到系统文件就进入此精简系统) + ROMMON(引导失败进入自诊断系统)
2. Flash存储着IOS文件(即.bin文件) 等待bootstrap到RAM中进行系统启动
3. NVRAM(不压缩式存储)类似于Flash(压缩式存储) 两者区别不大------不过不太确认,因为查的时候这个存储器总是没有东西
4.RAM掉电失效存储--功能:加载.bin 加载startup-config 等等,进行系统启动组装
结论:router系统包括两部分
静态部分:ROM/Flash/NVRAM存储永久配置,掉电不丢失
动态部分:RAM 进行静态部分系统的配置读取、组装、运行,掉电消失。重启后肯定会重新组装。