一、预处理
1 预处理 2 gcc -E Hello.c -o hello.i 3 编译 4 gcc -S hello.i -o hello.s 5 汇编 6 gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o 7 链接 8 gcc hello.o -o hello
1 # 1 "hello.c" 2 # 1 "<built-in>" 3 # 1 "<command-line>" 4 # 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4 5 # 1 "<command-line>" 2 6 # 1 "hello.c" 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 # 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4 15 # 27 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 16 # 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4 17 # 374 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4 18 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4 19 # 385 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4 20 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4 21 # 386 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4 22 # 375 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4 23 # 398 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4 24 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-32.h" 1 3 4 32 # 8 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4 33 # 399 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4 34 # 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 35 36 37 38 39 40 # 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.8/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4 41 # 212 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.8/include/stddef.h" 3 4 42 typedef unsigned int size_t; 43 # 34 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 44 45 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4 46 # 27 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4 47 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4 48 # 28 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4 49 50 51 typedef unsigned char __u_char; 52 typedef unsigned short int __u_short; 53 typedef unsigned int __u_int; 54 typedef unsigned long int __u_long; 55 56 57 typedef signed char __int8_t; 58 typedef unsigned char __uint8_t; 59 typedef signed short int __int16_t; 60 typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t; 61 typedef signed int __int32_t; 62 typedef unsigned int __uint32_t; 63 64 65 66 67 __extension__ typedef signed long long int __int64_t; 68 __extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __uint64_t; 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 __extension__ typedef long long int __quad_t; 77 __extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __u_quad_t; 78 # 121 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4 79 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4 80 # 122 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4 81 82 83 __extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __dev_t; 84 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __uid_t; 85 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __gid_t; 86 __extension__ typedef unsigned long int __ino_t; 87 __extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __ino64_t; 88 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __mode_t; 89 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __nlink_t; 90 __extension__ typedef long int __off_t; 91 __extension__ typedef __quad_t __off64_t; 92 __extension__ typedef int __pid_t; 93 __extension__ typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t; 94 __extension__ typedef long int __clock_t; 95 __extension__ typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t; 96 __extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __rlim64_t; 97 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __id_t; 98 __extension__ typedef long int __time_t; 99 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __useconds_t; 100 __extension__ typedef long int __suseconds_t; 101 102 __extension__ typedef int __daddr_t; 103 __extension__ typedef int __key_t; 104 105 106 __extension__ typedef int __clockid_t; 107 108 109 __extension__ typedef void * __timer_t; 110 111 112 __extension__ typedef long int __blksize_t; 113 114 115 116 117 __extension__ typedef long int __blkcnt_t; 118 __extension__ typedef __quad_t __blkcnt64_t; 119 120 121 __extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t; 122 __extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsblkcnt64_t; 123 124 125 __extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t; 126 __extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsfilcnt64_t; 127 128 129 __extension__ typedef int __fsword_t; 130 131 __extension__ typedef int __ssize_t; 132 133 134 __extension__ typedef long int __syscall_slong_t; 135 136 __extension__ typedef unsigned long int __syscall_ulong_t; 137 138 139 140 typedef __off64_t __loff_t; 141 typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t; 142 typedef char *__caddr_t; 143 144 145 __extension__ typedef int __intptr_t; 146 147 148 __extension__ typedef unsigned int __socklen_t; 149 # 36 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 150 # 44 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 151 struct _IO_FILE; 152 153 154 155 typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE; 156 157 158 159 160 161 # 64 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 162 typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE; 163 # 74 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 164 # 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4 165 # 31 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 166 # 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4 167 # 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4 168 # 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.8/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4 169 # 16 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4 170 171 172 173 174 # 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4 175 # 82 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4 176 typedef struct 177 { 178 int __count; 179 union 180 { 181 182 unsigned int __wch; 183 184 185 186 char __wchb[4]; 187 } __value; 188 } __mbstate_t; 189 # 21 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4 190 typedef struct 191 { 192 __off_t __pos; 193 __mbstate_t __state; 194 } _G_fpos_t; 195 typedef struct 196 { 197 __off64_t __pos; 198 __mbstate_t __state; 199 } _G_fpos64_t; 200 # 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4 201 # 49 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 202 # 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.8/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4 203 # 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.8/include/stdarg.h" 3 4 204 typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list; 205 # 50 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4 206 # 144 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 207 struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE; 208 # 154 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 209 typedef void _IO_lock_t; 210 211 212 213 214 215 struct _IO_marker { 216 struct _IO_marker *_next; 217 struct _IO_FILE *_sbuf; 218 219 220 221 int _pos; 222 # 177 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 223 }; 224 225 226 enum __codecvt_result 227 { 228 __codecvt_ok, 229 __codecvt_partial, 230 __codecvt_error, 231 __codecvt_noconv 232 }; 233 # 245 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 234 struct _IO_FILE { 235 int _flags; 236 237 238 239 240 char* _IO_read_ptr; 241 char* _IO_read_end; 242 char* _IO_read_base; 243 char* _IO_write_base; 244 char* _IO_write_ptr; 245 char* _IO_write_end; 246 char* _IO_buf_base; 247 char* _IO_buf_end; 248 249 char *_IO_save_base; 250 char *_IO_backup_base; 251 char *_IO_save_end; 252 253 struct _IO_marker *_markers; 254 255 struct _IO_FILE *_chain; 256 257 int _fileno; 258 259 260 261 int _flags2; 262 263 __off_t _old_offset; 264 265 266 267 unsigned short _cur_column; 268 signed char _vtable_offset; 269 char _shortbuf[1]; 270 271 272 273 _IO_lock_t *_lock; 274 # 293 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 275 __off64_t _offset; 276 # 302 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 277 void *__pad1; 278 void *__pad2; 279 void *__pad3; 280 void *__pad4; 281 size_t __pad5; 282 283 int _mode; 284 285 char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)]; 286 287 }; 288 289 290 typedef struct _IO_FILE _IO_FILE; 291 292 293 struct _IO_FILE_plus; 294 295 extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdin_; 296 extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdout_; 297 extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stderr_; 298 # 338 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 299 typedef __ssize_t __io_read_fn (void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __nbytes); 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 typedef __ssize_t __io_write_fn (void *__cookie, const char *__buf, 308 size_t __n); 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 typedef int __io_seek_fn (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w); 317 318 319 typedef int __io_close_fn (void *__cookie); 320 # 390 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 321 extern int __underflow (_IO_FILE *); 322 extern int __uflow (_IO_FILE *); 323 extern int __overflow (_IO_FILE *, int); 324 # 434 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 325 extern int _IO_getc (_IO_FILE *__fp); 326 extern int _IO_putc (int __c, _IO_FILE *__fp); 327 extern int _IO_feof (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 328 extern int _IO_ferror (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 329 330 extern int _IO_peekc_locked (_IO_FILE *__fp); 331 332 333 334 335 336 extern void _IO_flockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 337 extern void _IO_funlockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 338 extern int _IO_ftrylockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 339 # 464 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4 340 extern int _IO_vfscanf (_IO_FILE * __restrict, const char * __restrict, 341 __gnuc_va_list, int *__restrict); 342 extern int _IO_vfprintf (_IO_FILE *__restrict, const char *__restrict, 343 __gnuc_va_list); 344 extern __ssize_t _IO_padn (_IO_FILE *, int, __ssize_t); 345 extern size_t _IO_sgetn (_IO_FILE *, void *, size_t); 346 347 extern __off64_t _IO_seekoff (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int, int); 348 extern __off64_t _IO_seekpos (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int); 349 350 extern void _IO_free_backup_area (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 351 # 75 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 352 353 354 355 356 typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list; 357 # 90 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 358 typedef __off_t off_t; 359 # 102 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 360 typedef __ssize_t ssize_t; 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 typedef _G_fpos_t fpos_t; 369 370 371 372 373 # 164 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 374 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4 375 # 165 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 376 377 378 379 extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin; 380 extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout; 381 extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr; 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 extern int remove (const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 390 391 extern int rename (const char *__old, const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 392 393 394 395 396 extern int renameat (int __oldfd, const char *__old, int __newfd, 397 const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 extern FILE *tmpfile (void) ; 407 # 209 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 408 extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 409 410 411 412 413 414 extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 415 # 227 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 416 extern char *tempnam (const char *__dir, const char *__pfx) 417 __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ; 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 extern int fclose (FILE *__stream); 427 428 429 430 431 extern int fflush (FILE *__stream); 432 433 # 252 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 434 extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream); 435 # 266 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 extern FILE *fopen (const char *__restrict __filename, 443 const char *__restrict __modes) ; 444 445 446 447 448 extern FILE *freopen (const char *__restrict __filename, 449 const char *__restrict __modes, 450 FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 451 # 295 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 452 453 # 306 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 454 extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 455 # 319 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 456 extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, const char *__modes) 457 __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 458 459 460 461 462 extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 470 471 472 473 extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf, 474 int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 475 476 477 478 479 480 extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf, 481 size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 482 483 484 extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream, 494 const char *__restrict __format, ...); 495 496 497 498 499 extern int printf (const char *__restrict __format, ...); 500 501 extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s, 502 const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)); 503 504 505 506 507 508 extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, 509 __gnuc_va_list __arg); 510 511 512 513 514 extern int vprintf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg); 515 516 extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, 517 __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)); 518 519 520 521 522 523 extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen, 524 const char *__restrict __format, ...) 525 __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4))); 526 527 extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen, 528 const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) 529 __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0))); 530 531 # 412 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 532 extern int vdprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt, 533 __gnuc_va_list __arg) 534 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0))); 535 extern int dprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt, ...) 536 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3))); 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, 546 const char *__restrict __format, ...) ; 547 548 549 550 551 extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) ; 552 553 extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s, 554 const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 555 # 443 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 556 extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf") 557 558 ; 559 extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf") 560 ; 561 extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) 562 563 ; 564 # 463 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, 574 __gnuc_va_list __arg) 575 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ; 576 577 578 579 580 581 extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) 582 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ; 583 584 585 extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s, 586 const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) 587 __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))); 588 # 494 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 589 extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf") 590 591 592 593 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ; 594 extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf") 595 596 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ; 597 extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) 598 599 600 601 __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))); 602 # 522 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream); 613 extern int getc (FILE *__stream); 614 615 616 617 618 619 extern int getchar (void); 620 621 # 550 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 622 extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream); 623 extern int getchar_unlocked (void); 624 # 561 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 625 extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream); 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream); 638 extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream); 639 640 641 642 643 644 extern int putchar (int __c); 645 646 # 594 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 647 extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream); 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream); 656 extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c); 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 extern int getw (FILE *__stream); 664 665 666 extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream); 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) 676 ; 677 # 638 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 678 extern char *gets (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__deprecated__)); 679 680 681 # 665 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 682 extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr, 683 size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter, 684 FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 685 extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr, 686 size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter, 687 FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr, 696 size_t *__restrict __n, 697 FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 extern int fputs (const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream); 707 708 709 710 711 712 extern int puts (const char *__s); 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream); 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, 727 size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 728 729 730 731 732 extern size_t fwrite (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, 733 size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s); 734 735 # 737 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 736 extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, 737 size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ; 738 extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size, 739 size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream); 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence); 749 750 751 752 753 extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ; 754 755 756 757 758 extern void rewind (FILE *__stream); 759 760 # 773 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 761 extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence); 762 763 764 765 766 extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ; 767 # 792 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos); 775 776 777 778 779 extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, const fpos_t *__pos); 780 # 815 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 781 782 # 824 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 783 784 785 extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 786 787 extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 788 789 extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 790 791 792 793 794 extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 795 extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 796 extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 extern void perror (const char *__s); 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 # 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4 813 # 26 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4 814 extern int sys_nerr; 815 extern const char *const sys_errlist[]; 816 # 854 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4 817 818 819 820 821 extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 822 823 824 825 826 extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 827 # 873 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 828 extern FILE *popen (const char *__command, const char *__modes) ; 829 830 831 832 833 834 extern int pclose (FILE *__stream); 835 836 837 838 839 840 extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 841 # 913 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 842 extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 843 844 845 846 extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ; 847 848 849 extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)); 850 # 943 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4 851 852 # 9 "hello.c" 2 853 854 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 855 { 856 printf("Hello , world !\n"); 857 858 return 0; 859 }
1 .file "hello.c" 2 .section .rodata 3 .LC0: 4 .string "Hello , world !" 5 .text 6 .globl main 7 .type main, @function 8 main: 9 .LFB0: 10 .cfi_startproc 11 pushl %ebp 12 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 13 .cfi_offset 5, -8 14 movl %esp, %ebp 15 .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 16 andl $-16, %esp 17 subl $16, %esp 18 movl $.LC0, (%esp) 19 call puts 20 movl $0, %eax 21 leave 22 .cfi_restore 5 23 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 24 ret 25 .cfi_endproc 26 .LFE0: 27 .size main, .-main 28 .ident "GCC: (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3) 4.8.4" 29 .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
gcc编译过程：http://lib.csdn.net/article/c/66184
1.去掉程序中的注释；
2.文件包含：当对C源程序进行预处理时，文件包含指的是将.c文件包含的头文件内容复制到当前.c文件中。
1》、第一种：#include <stdio.h> 直接去系统头文件目录下寻找所包含的头文件。
2》、第二种：#include "head.h" 先在当前目录下寻找所包含的头文件，如果找不到，则再去系统头文件目录下寻找所包含的头文件。
3.宏替换
当对C源程序进行预处理时，如果程序中有事先定义好的宏，则会将所有的宏后面的字符串替换，例如：
1》预定义宏：
1 __FILE__ //正在编译的文件名（字符串常量） 2 __LINE__ //文件当前的行号（整型常量） 3 __FUNCTION__ //当前所在的函数名（字符串常量） 4 __DATE__ //预编译文件的日期（字符串常量） 5 __TIME__ //预编译文件的时间（字符串常量） 6 __STDC__ //判断编译器是否遵循ANSI C，是则为1（整型常量）
2》不带参数的宏：#define 宏名 字符串
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: noParamMacros.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 01:00:07 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 #define PI 3.14*2 11 #define M 60 12 #define S "HelloWorld" 13 14 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 15 { 16 printf("%f\n", PI); 17 printf("%d\n", M); 18 printf("%s\n", S); 19 20 return 0; 21 }
3》带参数的宏：可以像函数一样被调用。
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: paramMacros.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 01:40:15 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 #define FUN(a, b) a+b*a 11 12 #define FALSE 0 13 #define TRUE 1 14 15 int fun(int a, int b){ 16 return a+b*a; 17 } 18 19 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 20 { 21 int a = 5, b =3; 22 int c; 23 24 c = fun(a, b); //函数调用 25 printf("c = %d\n", c); 26 27 c = FUN(a, b); //宏调用 28 29 float f; 30 31 #if (DataType == FALSE) 32 f = fun(3.1, 4.5); //Data type is error 33 printf("f = %f\n", f); 34 #else 35 f = FUN(3.1, 4.5); //Data type is correct 36 printf("f = %f\n", f); 37 #endif 38 39 return 0; 40 }
在上述例子中，由于传参时，可能会传一个表达式，这是调用带参宏就会导致结果不正确，所以一般在定义带参宏时，都会如下去定义： #define FUN(a, b) (a)+(b)*(a)
4.条件编译：在编译程序之前，按照某个条件来选择需要编译哪一段代码。
1》第一种方式：
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: ifdef.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 02:51:43 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 #define DEBUG 11 12 //有如下两个函数，如果要测试这两个函数是否正确，则必须写主函数测试 13 void fun1(void){ 14 printf("hello world\n"); 15 } 16 17 void fun2(void){ 18 printf("This is a good idea !\n"); 19 } 20 21 //下面为测试代码 22 #ifdef DEBUG 23 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 24 { 25 fun1(); 26 fun2(); 27 28 return 0; 29 } 30 #endif
2》第二种方式：
1 #ifdef __HEAD_H_ 2 #define __HEAD_H_ 3 4 #include <stdio.h> 5 6 int x = 100; 7 8 #endif 9 10 //该条件编译的作用是，防止头文件被多次（重复）包含。
3》第三种方式：
1 //用于注释一段代码 2 #if （0） 3 #include "head.h" 4 #include "head.h" 5 #include "head.h" 6 #include "head.h" 7 #include "head.h" 8 #include "head.h" 9 #include "head.h" 10 #include "head.h" 11 #endif
二、字节序
1.计算机在存储多字节数据时，数据内部各个字节的存储顺序称为字节序；
4字节：unsigned int word = 0x12345678；
2.端序
1》小端序（little-endian）:最高有效位所在的字节放在最高字节位置，其他字节依次放在低字节位置，则该字节序称为高位优先。
2》大端序（big-endian）:最低有效位所在的字节放在最高字节位置，其他字节依次放在低字节位置，则该字节序称为低位优先。
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: endian.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 04:34:11 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 #include <stdbool.h> 10 11 #define FALSE 0 12 #define TRUE 1 13 14 bool is_little_endian(void){ 15 bool ret; 16 unsigned int word = 0x12345678; 17 18 unsigned char byte0 = *((unsigned char *)&word + 0); 19 unsigned char byte1 = *((unsigned char *)&word + 1); 20 unsigned char byte2 = *((unsigned char *)&word + 2); 21 unsigned char byte3 = *((unsigned char *)&word + 3); 22 23 printf("%p---->0x%hhx\n", &byte0, byte0); 24 printf("%p---->0x%hhx\n", &byte1, byte1); 25 printf("%p---->0x%hhx\n", &byte2, byte2); 26 printf("%p---->0x%hhx\n", &byte3, byte3); 27 28 if(byte0 == 0x78){ 29 printf("the machine is little endian !\n"); 30 ret = TRUE; 31 }else if(byte0 == 0x12){ 32 printf("the machine is big endian !\n"); 33 ret = FALSE; 34 } 35 36 return ret; 37 } 38 39 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 40 { 41 if(is_little_endian() == TRUE){ 42 printf("Little endian is true !\n"); 43 } 44 45 return 0; 46 }
执行结果： 
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: endian1.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 05:02:58 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 union A{ 11 unsigned int word; 12 unsigned char byte; 13 }; 14 15 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 16 { 17 union A un; 18 19 un.word = 0x12345678; 20 if(un.byte == 0x78){ 21 printf("the machine is little endian !\n"); 22 }else if(un.byte == 0x12){ 23 printf("the machine is big endian !\n"); 24 } 25 26 return 0; 27 }
三、地址对齐
为了提高CPU从内存中存取数据的效率，在给数据分配内存空间时，会有意的将数据放在某些地址位置，这种分配空间的方式称为地址对齐。
1》自然对齐：在给数据分配空间是时，如果数据的起始地址能够被数据的长度整除，则该分配空间的方式为自然对齐。
2》数据的M值：
对于每一个数据都有M值，M值如下：
1）对于基本数据类型：
如果该数据的长度小于机器字字长，则它的M值为自身的长度；
如果该数据的长度大于或者等于机器字长，则它的M值为机器字长；
2）对于数组：
M值为元素的M值；
3）对于结构体，共用体：
M值为成员中最大的M值；
3》适当对齐：在给数据分配空间时，如果数据的起始地址能够被数据的M值整除，则该分配空间的方式为适当对齐。
4》结构体的存储：
1 /******************************************************************* 2 * > File Name: align.c 3 * > Author: fly 4 * > Mail: XXXXXXXX@icode.com 5 * > Create Time: Sun 17 Sep 2017 05:15:23 PM CST 6 ******************************************************************/ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 struct param{ 11 char a; 12 short b; 13 int c; 14 }; 15 16 struct param1{ 17 char a; 18 int b; 19 short c; 20 }; 21 22 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) 23 { 24 struct param p1; 25 printf("sizeof(struct param) = %d\tsizeof p1 = %d\n", sizeof(struct param), sizeof p1); 26 27 struct param1 p2; 28 printf("sizeof(struct param1) = %d\tsizeof p2 = %d\n", sizeof(struct param1), sizeof p2); 29 30 return 0; 31 }
执行结果：
570
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
