通常防止爬虫被反主要有以下几个策略:
1.动态设置User-Agent(随机切换User-Agent,模拟不同用户的浏览器信息)
2.使用IP地址池:VPN和代理IP,现在大部分网站都是根据IP来ban的。
3.禁用Cookies(也就是不启用cookies middleware,不向Server发送cookies,有些网站通过cookie的使用发现爬虫行为)
4.可以通过COOKIES_ENABLED 控制 CookiesMiddleware 开启或关闭
5.设置延迟下载(防止访问过于频繁,设置为 2秒 或更高)要明白爬虫重要的是拿到数据。
6.Google Cache 和 Baidu Cache:如果可能的话,使用谷歌/百度等搜索引擎服务器页面缓存获取页面数据。
7.使用 Crawlera(专用于爬虫的代理组件),正确配置和设置下载中间件后,项目所有的request都是通过crawlera发出。
反爬第一招,动态设置User-Agent:
怎么动态设置?其实就是事先准备一堆User-Agent.每次发送请求时就从中间随机选取一个。有些网站反爬检查user-agent的话就可以骗过去了。
采用 random随机模块的choice方法随机选择User-Agent,这样每次请求都会从中选择,请求很频繁的话就多找几个user-agent。
def load_page(url, form_data):
USER_AGENTS = [
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5"
]
user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
headers = {
'User-Agent':user_agent
}
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding=utf-8 -*- import urllib2 import urllib import json import random def parser(args): data = json.load(args) print data['translateResult'][0][0]['tgt'] def load_page(url, form_data): USER_AGENTS = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5" ] user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS) print user_agent headers = { 'User-Agent':user_agent } form_data = urllib.urlencode(form_data) request = urllib2.Request(url, data=form_data, headers=headers) request.add_header('Referer','http://fanyi.youdao.com/') request.add_header('Connection','keep-alive') request.add_header('Host','fanyi.youdao.com') request.add_header('Host','fanyi.youdao.com') request.add_header('Cookie','OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID_NCOO=1025239439.503166; _ga=GA1.2.1461890182.1495089101; OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID=-1839555294@113.116.87.174; JSESSIONID=aaa5jeP7FUzLkcsJTGU6v; ___rl__test__cookies=1506169229935') result = urllib2.urlopen(request) return result def translate(words): form_data = {'i':words, 'from':'AUTO', 'to':'AUTO', 'smartresult':'dict', 'client':'fanyideskweb', 'salt':'1506168095300', 'sign':'2755425d7a2f9ebd79a8fdd94d1a3af0', 'doctype':'json', 'version':'2.1', 'keyfrom':'fanyi.web', 'action':'FY_BY_REALTIME', 'typoResult':'true'} base_url = 'http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule' result = load_page(base_url, form_data) parser(result) def main(): while True: kw = raw_input('请输入需要翻译的单词:') translate(kw) if __name__ == "__main__": main()
实例代码有道翻译:
反爬第二招,使用代理IP,这是爬虫/反爬虫的第二大招,通常也是最好用的。
很多网站会检测某一段时间某个IP的访问次数(通过流量统计,系统日志等),如果访问次数多的不像正常人,它会禁止这个IP的访问。
所以我们可以设置一些代理服务器,每隔一段时间换一个代理,就算IP被禁止,依然可以换个IP继续爬取。
urllib2中通过ProxyHandler来设置使用代理服务器
ProxyHandler处理器(代理设置): 这样就设置了一个无需认证的代理
import urllib2
#设置一个代理hander
httpproxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"})
opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpproxy_handler)
request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com/")
response = opener.open(request)
print response.read()
如果代理IP足够多,就可以随机选择一个代理去访问网站。
import urllib2
import random
proxy_list = [
{"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
{"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
{"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
{"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
{"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"}
]
# 随机选择一个代理
proxy = random.choice(proxy_list)
# 使用选择的代理构建代理处理器对象
httpproxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpproxy_handler)
request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com/")
response = opener.open(request)
print response.read()
( ProxyHandler 代理授权验证)
上面都是一些免费代理写法,下面这个是付费代理写法:
proxy = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http":"账号:密码@143.226.164.130:16816"})
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy)
repsonse = opener.open(url)
print repsonse.read()
requset 模块设置代理方法:
request 模块比较简单。
普通代理
import requests # 根据协议类型,选择不同的代理 proxies = { "http": "http://12.34.56.79:9527", "https": "http://12.34.56.79:9527", } response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxies) print response.text
私密代理
import requests # 如果代理需要使用HTTP Basic Auth,可以使用下面这种格式: proxy = { "http": "账号:密码@61.158.163.130:16816" } response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxy) print response.text
没钱买代理?免费代理来搞定(便宜没好货,这个是真理),免费代理不稳定,速度慢,要是公司用老兄赶紧让你老板买代理去(没有金刚钻,怎么揽瓷器活),
好吧,要是个人玩玩的自己 去爬点免费代理来用用。你老哥我用scrapy写来了个爬取快代理的ip。如果你懒得写的话,copy将就着用吧。里面的代理应该用不了,自己去找几个替换了玩玩!爬下来的数据存在了 data/kdl.json
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define here the models for your scraped items # # See documentation in: # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class KdlspiderItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: # name = scrapy.Field() ip = scrapy.Field() port = scrapy.Field() type = scrapy.Field()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define your item pipelines here # # Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting # See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html import json class KdlspiderPipeline(object): def __init__(self): self.filename = open('kdl.json','w') def process_item(self, item, spider): self.filename.write(json.dumps(dict(item))+",\n") return item def spider_close(self): self.filename.close()
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from kdlSpider.items import KdlspiderItem class KdlSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "kdl" allowed_domains = ["kuaidaili.com"] base_url = 'http://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha/' offset = 1 start_urls = [base_url+str(offset)+"/"] def parse(self, response): ip_list = response.xpath('//tr/td[@data-title="IP"]/text()') port_list = response.xpath('//tr/td[@data-title="PORT"]/text()') type_list = response.xpath(u'//tr/td[@data-title="类型"]/text()') for ip,port,type in zip(ip_list,port_list,type_list): item = KdlspiderItem() item['ip'] = ip.extract() item['port'] = port.extract() item['type'] = type.extract() yield item self.offset += 1 if self.offset < 1864: yield scrapy.Request(self.base_url+str(self.offset),callback=self.parse)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*- import random from myproxy import PROXY import base64 from settings import USER_AGENTS class RandomUserAgentMiddleware(object): def process_request(self,request,spider): user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS) request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', user_agent) class ProxyMiddleware(object): def process_request(self,request,spider): # 免认证代理 random_proxy = random.choice(PROXY) request.meta['proxy']='http://'+random_proxy['ip_port'] # 需要认证代理写法 # proxy = "116.62.128.50:16816" # request.meta["proxy"] = "http://" + proxy # proxy_user_passwd = "代理账号:代理密码" # base64_user_passwd = base64.b64encode(proxy_user_passwd) # request.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Basic " + base64_user_passwd
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Scrapy settings for kdlSpider project # # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation: # # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'kdlSpider' SPIDER_MODULES = ['kdlSpider.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'kdlSpider.spiders' USER_AGENTS = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.104 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36 QIHU 360SE", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko" ] # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent #USER_AGENT = 'kdlSpider (+http://www.yourdomain.com)' # Obey robots.txt rules # ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0) # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay # See also autothrottle settings and docs # DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 5 # The download delay setting will honor only one of: #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default) COOKIES_ENABLED = False # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default) #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers: DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = { 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Language': 'en', 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.104 Safari/537.36', 'Host':'www.kuaidaili.com', } # Enable or disable spider middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'kdlSpider.middlewares.MyCustomSpiderMiddleware': 543, #} # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'kdlSpider.middlewares.RandomUserAgentMiddleware': 543, 'kdlSpider.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware':250, } # Enable or disable extensions # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html #EXTENSIONS = { # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None, #} # Configure item pipelines # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'kdlSpider.pipelines.KdlspiderPipeline': 300, } # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default) # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True # The initial download delay #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to # each remote server #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received: #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default) # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'