Current State of Industry Mining and Construction One

At present, facing the situations are economic and market globalization, competition in the global economy gets hot up, need personalization and facilitation, relevant benefit main bodies pluralism, the development of science and technology with high speed, in view of above-mentioned conditions, we should scientifically and rightly forecast the future, quick response, it’s the only way to maintain the advantage of already formed and catch up with advanced one.

Humanism, sustainable development become the idea of science and technology innovation. Mining and Construction Machinery as an extension of people’s own ability, has been developing with the human civilization and progress. With the science and technology progressing, man’s constant pursuit of life quality and the importance of dignity, many new issues are proposed for the development of construction machinery. Our construction machinery industry conform needs, attach importance to strengthen microelectronics, information technology, optical technology, the integration between new materials technology and machinery making technology, promote the innovation of products in the field of diversification, intelligent, green, etc.

With the human demand for material life growing, the application space of construction machinery gradually be expanded, from original traditional area ,such as construction, road building, water conservancy, electric power, mining, to the narrow construction sites of cities, the agriculture sites of hilly areas, docks, warehouses, cottages, gardens, gardening, building layers and underground engineering work environment, and large or oversize construction projects and mine, etc. Because of above-mentioned reasons, the construction machinery are required to extend to both ends, viz, micro, large, oversize. Large, large construction machinery products with large, growing number of large projects, the market demand is growing. With large, oversize construction projects increasing, the market demand gradually be growing. They have the characters as following: long cycle of research and production, high-tech and high added value, representing the engineering machinery making level of one country or one important corporation, these products at present are monopolised by a few multinational corporations of developed countries.

On the other hand, in order to improve the production efficiency, reduce the labor intensity, improve the working conditions, it’s becoming the trend to use the mechanical operations to replace the human labor. To adapt this type of engineering working conditions, the needs of small-sized and micro construction machinery will rapidly increase. Not only exterior size of the micro products is restricted, at the same time, the design of exterior shape and color more and more express the integration with nature and environment, but also demonstrate the humanism.

As the professional manufacturer of complete sets of mining machinery, such as ore separating line,China cone crusher,Magnetic separator,Ore spiral classifier, Henan Hongxing is always doing the best in products and service.

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/liajones/archive/2012/02/04/2337979.html

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1 目标检测的定义 目标检测(Object Detection)的任务是找出图像中所有感兴趣的目标(物体),确定它们的类别和位置,是计算机视觉领域的核心问题之一。由于各类物体有不同的外观、形状和姿态,加上成像时光照、遮挡等因素的干扰,目标检测一直是计算机视觉领域最具有挑战性的问题。 目标检测任务可分为两个关键的子任务,目标定位和目标分类。首先检测图像中目标的位置(目标定位),然后给出每个目标的具体类别(目标分类)。输出结果是一个边界框(称为Bounding-box,一般形式为(x1,y1,x2,y2),表示框的左上角坐标和右下角坐标),一个置信度分数(Confidence Score),表示边界框中是否包含检测对象的概率和各个类别的概率(首先得到类别概率,经过Softmax可得到类别标签)。 1.1 Two stage方法 目前主流的基于深度学习的目标检测算法主要分为两类:Two stage和One stage。Two stage方法将目标检测过程分为两个阶段。第一个阶段是 Region Proposal 生成阶段,主要用于生成潜在的目标候选框(Bounding-box proposals)。这个阶段通常使用卷积神经网络(CNN)从输入图像中提取特征,然后通过一些技巧(如选择性搜索)来生成候选框。第二个阶段是分类和位置精修阶段,将第一个阶段生成的候选框输入到另一个 CNN 中进行分类,并根据分类结果对候选框的位置进行微调。Two stage 方法的优点是准确度较高,缺点是速度相对较慢。 常见Tow stage目标检测算法有:R-CNN系列、SPPNet等。 1.2 One stage方法 One stage方法直接利用模型提取特征值,并利用这些特征值进行目标的分类和定位,不需要生成Region Proposal。这种方法的优点是速度快,因为省略了Region Proposal生成的过程。One stage方法的缺点是准确度相对较低,因为它没有对潜在的目标进行预先筛选。 常见的One stage目标检测算法有:YOLO系列、SSD系列和RetinaNet等。 2 常见名词解释 2.1 NMS(Non-Maximum Suppression) 目标检测模型一般会给出目标的多个预测边界框,对成百上千的预测边界框都进行调整肯定是不可行的,需要对这些结果先进行一个大体的挑选。NMS称为非极大值抑制,作用是从众多预测边界框中挑选出最具代表性的结果,这样可以加快算法效率,其主要流程如下: 设定一个置信度分数阈值,将置信度分数小于阈值的直接过滤掉 将剩下框的置信度分数从大到小排序,选中值最大的框 遍历其余的框,如果和当前框的重叠面积(IOU)大于设定的阈值(一般为0.7),就将框删除(超过设定阈值,认为两个框的里面的物体属于同一个类别) 从未处理的框中继续选一个置信度分数最大的,重复上述过程,直至所有框处理完毕 2.2 IoU(Intersection over Union) 定义了两个边界框的重叠度,当预测边界框和真实边界框差异很小时,或重叠度很大时,表示模型产生的预测边界框很准确。边界框A、B的IOU计算公式为: 2.3 mAP(mean Average Precision) mAP即均值平均精度,是评估目标检测模型效果的最重要指标,这个值介于0到1之间,且越大越好。mAP是AP(Average Precision)的平均值,那么首先需要了解AP的概念。想要了解AP的概念,还要首先了解目标检测中Precision和Recall的概念。 首先我们设置置信度阈值(Confidence Threshold)和IoU阈值(一般设置为0.5,也会衡量0.75以及0.9的mAP值): 当一个预测边界框被认为是True Positive(TP)时,需要同时满足下面三个条件: Confidence Score > Confidence Threshold 预测类别匹配真实值(Ground truth)的类别 预测边界框的IoU大于设定的IoU阈值 不满足条件2或条件3,则认为是False Positive(FP)。当对应同一个真值有多个预测结果时,只有最高置信度分数的预测结果被认为是True Positive,其余被认为是False Positive。 Precision和Recall的概念如下图所示: Precision表示TP与预测边界框数量的比值 Recall表示TP与真实边界框数量的比值 改变不同的置信度阈值,可以获得多组Precision和Recall,Recall放X轴,Precision放Y轴,可以画出一个Precision-Recall曲线,简称P-R
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