C 语言 and,C中慎用两个连续'？',其它语言也有类似的digraphs and trigraphs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_trigraph#C

C

C programming language

supports digraphs in ISO C 94 mode of compiling.

The C preprocessor replaces all occurrences of the

following nine trigraph sequences by their single-character

equivalents before any other processing.

A programmer may want to place two question marks together yet

not have the compiler treat them as introducing a trigraph. The C

grammar does not permit two consecutive ? tokens, so

the only places in a C file where two question marks in a row may

be used are in multi-character constants, string literals, and

comments. To safely place two consecutive question marks within a

string literal, the programmer can use string concatenation

"...?""?..." or an escape sequence

"...?\?...".

Trigraph

Equivalent

??=

#

??/

\

??'

^

??(

[

??)

]

??!

|

??<

{

??>

}

??-

~

??? is not itself a trigraph sequence.

The ??/ trigraph can be used to introduce an

escaped newline for line splicing; this must be taken into account

for correct and efficient handling of trigraphs within the

preprocessor. It can also cause surprises, particularly within

comments. For example:

// Will the next line be executed????????????????/

a++;

which is a single logical comment line (used in C++ and C99),

and

/??/

* A comment *??/

/

which is a correctly formed block comment.

In 1994 a normative amendment to the C standard, included in

C99,

supplied digraphs as more readable alternatives to five of the

trigraphs. They are:

Digraph

Equivalent

<:>

[

:>

]

{

%>

}

%:

#

Unlike trigraphs, digraphs are handled during tokenization, and any digraph must always

represent a full token by itself, or compose the token

%:%: replacing the preprocessor concatenation token

##. If a digraph sequence occurs inside another token,

for example a quoted string, or a character constant, it will not

be replaced.

Notes

References