超全的学习资料——Oracle 从入门到精通

Oracle 从入门到精通

目录

一、SQL...................................................................................................................................................8

1.1、基本概念：..................................................................................................................................8

1.2、数据库安全：..............................................................................................................................8

1.3、基本的SQL SELECT 句.............................................................................................................8

1.4、SELECT句..................................................................................................................................9

1、语法：......................................................................................................................................9

2、SQL语句说明：.........................................................................................................................9

3、数字和日期都可以使用数学运算符建立表达式。...............................................................9

4、定义空（NULL）值...................................................................................................................9

5、别名..........................................................................................................................................9

6、spool +路径...........................................................................................................................10

7、连接操作符： || ...................................................................................................................10

8、文本字符串.............................................................................................................................10

9、DISTINCT ................................................................................................................................10

1.5、SQLPLUS 与 SQL 的系...........................................................................................................10

1、SQLPLUS命令的功能： ...........................................................................................................10

2、查询 SQLPLUS 命令...............................................................................................................10

3、SQLPLUSW 在 WINDOWS 下运行的分析器。.........................................................................10

4、SQLPLUS 命令： ..................................................................................................................... 11

1.6、单行数....................................................................................................................................12

1、character字符类型函数： ...................................................................................................12

2、number数字类型函数.............................................................................................................15

3、时间类型函数：（date） .......................................................................................................15

1.7、嵌套函数：.................................................................................................................................21

1. 通用函数：.......................................................................................................................21

2. 条件表达式：...................................................................................................................24

3. 从多表中显示数据： .......................................................................................................25

1.8、用字函数产生的计.................................................................................................................26

1.9、子查询：....................................................................................................................................28

2.0、替换变量：................................................................................................................................29

1.&................................................................................................................................................29

2.&&..............................................................................................................................................29

2.1.环境量：..................................................................................................................................29

2.2 格式化令：...............................................................................................................................30

2.3 做脚本文件的程：....................................................................................................................31

2.3 数据操作句：............................................................................................................................31

1. 插入..................................................................................................................................31

2. 删除..................................................................................................................................31

3. 更新..................................................................................................................................31

4. MERGE语句.........................................................................................................................32

5. 事务（transaction）： ...................................................................................................32

2.4 创建和管表...........................................................................................................................33

1、表（TABLE）基本的存储单位，由行和列组成。...............................................................33

2、方案：一个用户所有对象的命名集合。.............................................................................34

3、CTAS（子查询建表）：...........................................................................................................34

4、截取：....................................................................................................................................35

5、给表加注释：COMMENT ...........................................................................................................36

6、约束条件：.............................................................................................................................36

2.5.视图 （VIEW） .............................................................................................................................37

2.6、序列：........................................................................................................................................39

2.7、索引：........................................................................................................................................40

2.8 控制用户的问..........................................................................................................................41

1.数据库的安全性.......................................................................................................................41

2.角色：......................................................................................................................................41

3.使用集合操作...........................................................................................................................42

4.ORDER BY 子句：.....................................................................................................................42

5.GROUP BY 子句的增强.............................................................................................................43

6.GROUPING 函数.........................................................................................................................43

2.9 高级子询.................................................................................................................................44

1. 成对子查询：...................................................................................................................44

2.层次查询..................................................................................................................................44

二、Management：......................................................................................................................................45

1.Oracle的构件和件.....................................................................................................................45

2.数据库的物理构：.....................................................................................................................46

1.控制文件..................................................................................................................................46

2. 数据文件...........................................................................................................................46

3. 重做日志文件...................................................................................................................46

4. data file 数据文件： .................................................................................................46

5. 作用：存放数据。...........................................................................................................46

6. 数据文件大小可以扩展。 ...............................................................................................46

7. tablespace 表空间：一个或多个数据文件的逻辑组成。 .........................................46

8. redo log file 重做日志文件.....................................................................................46

9. control file 控制文件 ...............................................................................................46

10. parameter file 初始化参数文件...............................................................................46

11. password file 口令文件...........................................................................................47

12. archived log file 归档日志文件.............................................................................47

3.instance 实例/程.....................................................................................................................47

4、进程结构......................................................................................................................................49

1. 用户进程：开始于数据库用户请求连接数据库 ...........................................................49

2. 服务进程：与ORA实例连接，开始于用户会话的建立。.............................................49

3. 后台进程：当ORA实例启动时启动.................................................................................49

1. DBWR 数据库写进程.......................................................................................................49

2. LGWR 重作日志写进程...................................................................................................50

6.CKPT 检查点进程.................................................................................................................50

7.ARCn 归档进程（可选） .....................................................................................................50

8.LOGICAL STRUCTURE 逻辑结构 ............................................................................................50

5、OEM ORACLE 企业管理器.............................................................................................................51

6.管理ORA实例................................................................................................................................51

7.启动过程：....................................................................................................................................52

1. NOMOUNT 实例启动阶段...................................................................................................52

2. MOUNT 数据库装载阶段...................................................................................................52

3. OPEN 打开数据库.............................................................................................................52

8.启动命令：.................................................................................................................................52

1. 在关闭状态下执行...........................................................................................................53

2. 切换命令：不能跳级切换...................................................................................................53

3. 关闭过程与启动逆向； ...................................................................................................53

9.监视诊断文件：............................................................................................................................53

10.BACKGROUND TRACE FILES 后台进程跟踪文件........................................................................53

11.user TRACE FILES 用户跟踪文件.............................................................................................54

12.创建数据库................................................................................................................................54

1. 创建前的准备：...............................................................................................................54

2. 创建方法：.......................................................................................................................55

13、UNIX 操作系统环境变量........................................................................................................55

14、手动创建数据库.......................................................................................................................55

15、使用数据字典和动态性能视图................................................................................................56

1. 数据字典...........................................................................................................................56

2. 数据字典的分类：...........................................................................................................56

3. 动态性能表：...................................................................................................................56

16、维护重做日志文件....................................................................................................................57

17、管理表空间和数据文件............................................................................................................59

18、表空间的空间管理（区的管理）： ...........................................................................................61

1、本地管理：............................................................................................................................61

2、数据字典管理表空间： .........................................................................................................61

3、存储参数：.............................................................................................................................61

4、表空间状态：.........................................................................................................................61

5、查看表空间信息：.................................................................................................................62

6、重定义表空间的大小.............................................................................................................62

7、操作表空间：.........................................................................................................................62

8、移动数据文件：.....................................................................................................................62

9、删除表空间：.........................................................................................................................63

19、存储结构和关系........................................................................................................................63

1、段类型：................................................................................................................................63

2、区：........................................................................................................................................64

3、数据库块................................................................................................................................64

4、9I提供非标准块.....................................................................................................................64

5、标准块大小.............................................................................................................................64

6、非标准块的大小.....................................................................................................................64

7、数据块的内容：.....................................................................................................................65

8、块的空间利用参数：.............................................................................................................65

9、数据块管理：.........................................................................................................................65

10、管理回滚段（Undo）的数据...............................................................................................65

20、Undo段的类型：.........................................................................................................................66

1.NON-SYSTEM类型：...................................................................................................................66

2.SYSTEM类型：...........................................................................................................................66

3.自动UNDO段管理的其他参数： ...............................................................................................67

21、管理表.......................................................................................................................................67

1.创建表提示：...........................................................................................................................67

2.创建临时表...............................................................................................................................68

3.修改存储参数和块空间利用参数： .......................................................................................68

4.手动分配区：...........................................................................................................................68

5.非分区表的重组.......................................................................................................................68

6.删除列：..................................................................................................................................68

7.重命名表中的一列：...............................................................................................................68

8.标记列不再使用：...................................................................................................................69

9.删除不使用的列：...................................................................................................................69

10.继续列的删除操作：.............................................................................................................69

11.得到表的信息：.....................................................................................................................69

22、管理索引（index） .....................................................................................................................69

1.索引的分类：...........................................................................................................................69

2.索引结构：..............................................................................................................................69

3.存储参数：..............................................................................................................................70

4.创建B-TREE索引：...................................................................................................................70

5.索引PCTFREE的变化： .............................................................................................................70

6.创建索引的提示：...................................................................................................................70

7.创建位图索引：.......................................................................................................................71

8.改变索引参数:.........................................................................................................................71

9.重建索引：..............................................................................................................................71

10.在线重建索引：（建议不使用） ...........................................................................................71

11.合并索引：.............................................................................................................................71

12.删除索引：.............................................................................................................................71

13.确定未使用的索引：.............................................................................................................71

14.查看索引信息：.....................................................................................................................72

23、管理口令安全和资源................................................................................................................72

1.口令帐户锁定：.......................................................................................................................72

2.自动锁定，可以手动解锁.......................................................................................................72

3.口令的到期和过期：...............................................................................................................72

4.口令历史：...............................................................................................................................72

5.口令的校验：...........................................................................................................................73

6.用户提供的校验函数：...........................................................................................................73

7.口令校验函数：.......................................................................................................................73

8.创建profile口令设置： .........................................................................................................73

9.修改 profile ：口令设置.....................................................................................................73

10.删除 profile： 口令设置...................................................................................................73

24、资源管理：..................................................................................................................................73

1.启动资源限制通过：...............................................................................................................74

2.会话级参数：...........................................................................................................................74

3.调用级参数：...........................................................................................................................74

4.创建profile：资源配制.........................................................................................................74

5.查看：......................................................................................................................................74

24、管理用户...................................................................................................................................74

1. 用户：..............................................................................................................................74

2.数据库的方案：.......................................................................................................................74

3.创建用户的步骤：...................................................................................................................75

4.创建一个新的用户：数据库认证...........................................................................................75

5.改变用户的表空间配额： .......................................................................................................75

6.删除用户：..............................................................................................................................75

7.查看：......................................................................................................................................75

25、管理权限....................................................................................................................................75

1. 两种用户权限：...............................................................................................................76

2.系统权限：..............................................................................................................................76

3.授予系统权限：.......................................................................................................................76

4.授予对象权限：.......................................................................................................................76

5.移除系统权限：.......................................................................................................................76

7.移除对象权限：.......................................................................................................................77

8.查看：......................................................................................................................................77

26、管理角色...................................................................................................................................77

1.创建角色：..............................................................................................................................77

2.赋予角色权限：.......................................................................................................................77

3.将角色赋予用户；...................................................................................................................77

4.设置用户的默认角色在需要的时候启用或禁用角色； .......................................................77

5.移除角色；..............................................................................................................................78

6.删除角色；..............................................................................................................................78

7.预定义角色：...........................................................................................................................78

8.查看：......................................................................................................................................78

27、使用全球化支持........................................................................................................................78

28、基本的ORA网络服务器端配置..............................................................................................79

三、PL/SQL...........................................................................................................................................80

1、创建PL/SQL语句的过程：.........................................................................................................81

2、PL/SQL中的SQL语句..............................................................................................................83

1. 查询语句：可以直接使用，语法和规则有改变。 .......................................................83

2. 循环控制：.......................................................................................................................83

3. index by tables 中的方法： .......................................................................................85

4. SQL Cursor .......................................................................................................................85

5.FOR循环的游标使用：.............................................................................................................86

6.带参数的游标：.......................................................................................................................87

7.异常处理..................................................................................................................................88

8.预定义异常：...........................................................................................................................88

9.非预定义异常：.......................................................................................................................88

3、函数：............................................................................................................................................88

4、存储程序单元.............................................................................................................................90

5、管理PL/SQL程序块： .................................................................................................................91

6、包（package） ............................................................................................................................92

1.组成：......................................................................................................................................92

2.构建没有包头的包：...............................................................................................................92

3.SQL中使用包函数的限制.........................................................................................................92

4.与开发相关的系统包：...........................................................................................................93

7、触发器.........................................................................................................................................94

1.语句级：..................................................................................................................................94

2.行级触发器：...........................................................................................................................95

3.INSTEAD OF TRIGGER：替换类型触发器...............................................................................96

4.DDL触发器：.............................................................................................................................96

5.系统事件触发器：...................................................................................................................96

8、审计.............................................................................................................................................97

9、数据同步：....................................................................................................................................98

四、backup and recover备份与恢复.............................................................................................98

1、备份与恢复概论：.....................................................................................................................98

2、定义一个备份、恢复策略： ...................................................................................................99

3、数据库的同步:.........................................................................................................................100

4、数据库的备份..........................................................................................................................101

1.物理备份与逻辑备份：.........................................................................................................101

2.数据库的恢复.........................................................................................................................103

4、ARCHIVELOG模式下的不完全恢复： ...................................................................................105

 

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