actr lisp 跑_ACT-R认知构架

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Graham, & Nyberg, 2002; Fletcher & Henson, 2001; Petrides,

1994; Thompson-Schill, D’Esposito, Aguirre, & Farah, 1997). The

perceptual-motor modules’ buffers are based on Byrne and Anderson’s

(2001) ACT–R/perceptual-motor (ACT–R/PM), which in

turn is based on Meyer and Kieras’s (1997) EPIC. The manual

buffer is responsible for control of the hands and is associated with

the adjacent motor and somatosensory cortical areas devoted to

controlling and monitoring hand movement. One of the visual

buffers, associated with the dorsal “where” path of the visual

system, keeps track of locations, while the other, associated with

the ventral “what” system, keeps track of visual objects and their

identity. The visual and manual systems are particularly important

in many tasks to which ACT–R has applied, in which participants

scan a computer screen, type, and use a mouse at a keyboard.

There also are rudimentary vocal and aural systems. The contents

of these buffers can be determined by rather elaborate systems

within the modules. For instance, the contents of the visual buffers

represent the products of complex processes of the visual perception

and attention systems. Similarly, the contents of the retrieval

buffer are determined by complex memory processes, as we describe

below.

ACT–R 5.0 includes a theory of how these buffers interact to

determine cognition. The basal ganglia and associated connections

are thought to implement production rules in ACT–R. The cortical

areas corresponding to these buffers project to the striatum, part of

the basal ganglia, which we hypothesize performs a patternrecognition

function (in line with other proposals; e.g., Amos,

2000; Frank, Loughry, & O’Reilly 2000; Houk & Wise, 1995;

Wise, Murray, & Gerfen, 1996). This portion of the basal ganglia

projects to a number of small regions known collectively as the

pallidum. The projections to the pallidum are substantially inhibitory,

and these regions in turn inhibit cells in the thalamus, which

projects to select actions in the cortex. Graybiel and Kimura (1995)

have suggested that this arrangement creates a “winner-lose-all”

system such that active striatal projections strongly inhibit only the

pallidum neurons representing the selected action (which then no

longer inhibit the thalamus from producing the action). This is a

mechanism by which the winning production comes to dominate.

According to Middleton and Strick (2000), at least five regions of

the frontal cortex receive projections from the thalamus and are

controlled by this basal ganglia loop. These regions play a major

role in controlling behavior.

Thus, the basal ganglia implement production rules in ACT–R

by the striatum serving a pattern-recognition function, the pallidum

serving a conflict-resolution function, and the thalamus controlling

the execution of production actions. Because production rules

represent ACT–R’s procedural memory, this also corresponds to