使用Java和Zookeeper实现分布式协调
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在分布式系统中,多个节点需要进行协调以实现共同目标,例如分布式锁、领导选举和配置管理等。Zookeeper是一个分布式协调服务,专为这些任务设计。本文将介绍如何使用Java和Zookeeper实现分布式协调,涵盖Zookeeper的基本概念、安装配置及典型应用示例。
Zookeeper基本概念
Zookeeper是一个高可用的分布式协调服务,主要特性包括:
- 文件系统数据模型:数据存储在一个层次化的节点树中,类似于文件系统。
- 临时节点和持久节点:支持两种节点类型,前者会在客户端会话结束时自动删除,后者则会持久保存。
- 原子性和顺序一致性:所有更新操作是原子的,所有客户端都能看到相同的视图。
- 监视器(Watchers)机制:客户端可以在节点上设置监视器,当节点变化时会收到通知。
Zookeeper安装和配置
-
下载Zookeeper:
-
配置Zookeeper:
在conf
目录下创建zoo.cfg
文件,内容如下: -
启动Zookeeper:
Java客户端示例
为了与Zookeeper交互,通常使用Zookeeper Java客户端库。以下示例展示了如何使用Java和Zookeeper实现分布式锁。
引入依赖
在pom.xml
文件中添加Zookeeper客户端依赖:
分布式锁实现
- 分布式锁类
package cn.juwatech.distributed;
import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
public class DistributedLock {
private static final String ZK_ADDRESS = "localhost:2181";
private static final String LOCK_ROOT = "/locks";
private String lockId;
private ZooKeeper zk;
public DistributedLock() throws IOException, InterruptedException, KeeperException {
this.zk = new ZooKeeper(ZK_ADDRESS, 3000, event -> {});
Stat stat = zk.exists(LOCK_ROOT, false);
if (stat == null) {
zk.create(LOCK_ROOT, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
}
}
public void acquireLock(String lockName) throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
String lockPath = LOCK_ROOT + "/" + lockName + "_lock_";
this.lockId = zk.create(lockPath, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL);
List<String> lockNodes = zk.getChildren(LOCK_ROOT, false);
Collections.sort(lockNodes);
String smallestNode = LOCK_ROOT + "/" + lockNodes.get(0);
if (this.lockId.equals(smallestNode)) {
return;
}
String watchNode = null;
for (String node : lockNodes) {
String nodePath = LOCK_ROOT + "/" + node;
if (nodePath.compareTo(this.lockId) < 0) {
watchNode = nodePath;
} else {
break;
}
}
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
Stat stat = zk.exists(watchNode, event -> {
if (event.getType() == Watcher.Event.EventType.NodeDeleted) {
latch.countDown();
}
});
if (stat != null) {
latch.await();
}
}
public void releaseLock() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
zk.delete(this.lockId, -1);
}
}
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- 使用分布式锁
package cn.juwatech.distributed;
import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
public class DistributedLockExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
DistributedLock lock = new DistributedLock();
lock.acquireLock("my_lock");
// 进行业务逻辑处理
System.out.println("Acquired lock and processing critical section.");
lock.releaseLock();
System.out.println("Released lock.");
} catch (IOException | KeeperException | InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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领导选举
Zookeeper的临时顺序节点可以用来实现领导选举。以下示例展示了如何使用Zookeeper进行领导选举。
- 领导选举类
package cn.juwatech.election;
import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
public class LeaderElection implements Watcher {
private static final String ZK_ADDRESS = "localhost:2181";
private static final String ELECTION_ROOT = "/election";
private ZooKeeper zk;
private String currentZnode;
public LeaderElection() throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
this.zk = new ZooKeeper(ZK_ADDRESS, 3000, this);
Stat stat = zk.exists(ELECTION_ROOT, false);
if (stat == null) {
zk.create(ELECTION_ROOT, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
}
}
public void volunteerForLeadership() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
String znodePrefix = ELECTION_ROOT + "/c_";
this.currentZnode = zk.create(znodePrefix, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL);
}
public void reelectLeader() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
List<String> children = zk.getChildren(ELECTION_ROOT, false);
Collections.sort(children);
String smallestChild = children.get(0);
if (currentZnode.endsWith(smallestChild)) {
System.out.println("I am the leader: " + currentZnode);
return;
}
int predecessorIndex = Collections.binarySearch(children, currentZnode.substring(currentZnode.lastIndexOf('/') + 1)) - 1;
String predecessorZnode = children.get(predecessorIndex);
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
Stat stat = zk.exists(ELECTION_ROOT + "/" + predecessorZnode, event -> {
if (event.getType() == Event.EventType.NodeDeleted) {
latch.countDown();
}
});
if (stat != null) {
latch.await();
reelectLeader();
}
}
@Override
public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
LeaderElection election = new LeaderElection();
election.volunteerForLeadership();
election.reelectLeader();
} catch (IOException | KeeperException | InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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总结
本文详细介绍了如何使用Java和Zookeeper实现分布式协调,涵盖了分布式锁和领导选举的具体实现方法。通过Zookeeper的强一致性和高可用性特性,我们可以简化分布式系统中的协调任务,实现高效可靠的分布式应用。
本文著作权归聚娃科技微赚淘客系统开发者团队,转载请注明出处!