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grdimage¶

grdimage - Project grids or images and plot them on maps

Synopsis¶

grdimage grd_z | grd_r grd_g grd_b

[ -Aout_img[=driver] ] [ -Ccpt ]

[ -D[r] ] [ -E[i|dpi] ] -Jparameters

[ -G[f|b]color ]

[ -I[intensfile|intensity] ]

[ -Jz|-Zparameters ]

[ -K ] [ -M ] [ -N ]

[ -O ] [ -P ] [ -Q ]

[ -Rwest/east/south/north[/zmin/zmax][r] ]

[ -U[stamp] ]

[ -V[level] ]

[ -Xx_offset ]

[ -Yy_offset ]

[ -ccopies ]

[ -fflags ]

[ -nflags ]

[ -pflags ]

[ -tr ]

Note: No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.

Description¶

grdimage reads one 2-D grid file and produces a gray-shaded (or

colored) map by plotting rectangles centered on each grid node and

assigning them a gray-shade (or color) based on the z-value.

Alternatively, grdimage reads three 2-D grid files with the red,

green, and blue components directly (all must be in the 0-255 range).

Optionally, illumination may be added by providing a file with

intensities in the (-1,+1) range. Values outside this range will be

clipped. Such intensity files can be created from the grid using

grdgradient and, optionally, modified by grdmath or

grdhisteq. Yet as a third alternative available when GMT is build

with GDAL support the grd_z file can be an image referenced or not

(than see -Dr). In this case the images can be illuminated with the

file provided via the -I option. Here if image has no coordinates

those of the intensity file will be used.

When using map projections, the grid is first resampled on a new

rectangular grid with the same dimensions. Higher resolution images can

be obtained by using the -E option. To obtain the resampled value

(and hence shade or color) of each map pixel, its location is inversely

projected back onto the input grid after which a value is interpolated

between the surrounding input grid values. By default bi-cubic

interpolation is used. Aliasing is avoided by also forward projecting

the input grid nodes. If two or more nodes are projected onto the same

pixel, their average will dominate in the calculation of the pixel

value. Interpolation and aliasing is controlled with the -n option.

The -R option can be used to select a map region larger or smaller

than that implied by the extent of the grid.

A (color) PostScript file is output.

Required Arguments¶

grd_z | grd_r grd_g grd_b

2-D gridded data set (or red, green, blue grids) to be imaged (See

GRID FILE FORMATS below.)

-Jparameters (more ...)

Select map projection.

Optional Arguments¶

-Aout_img[=driver]

Save an image in a raster format instead of PostScript. Use extension

.ppm for a Portable Pixel Map format. For GDAL-aware versions there are more choices:

Append out_img to select the image file name and extension.

If the extension is one of .bmp, .gif, .jpg, .png, or .tif then no driver

information is required. For other output formats you must append the

required GDAL driver. The driver is the driver code name used by

GDAL; see your GDAL installation’s documentation for available drivers.

Notes: (1) If a tiff file (.tif) is selected then we will write a GeoTiff image

if the GMT projection syntax translates into a PROJ4 syntax, otherwise

a plain tiff file is produced. (2) Any vector elements will be lost.

-B[p|s]parameters (more ...)

Set map boundary frame and axes attributes.

-Ccpt

Name of the CPT (for grd_z only). Alternatively,

supply the name of a GMT color master dynamic CPT [rainbow] to

automatically determine a continuous CPT from

the grid’s z-range. If the dynamic CPT has a default range then

that range will be imposed instead.

Yet another option is to specify -Ccolor1,color2[,color3,...]

to build a linear continuous CPT from those colors automatically.

In this case color1 etc can be a r/g/b triplet, a color name,

or an HTML hexadecimal color (e.g. #aabbcc ).

-D[r]

Specifies that the grid supplied is an image file to be read via

GDAL. Obviously this option will work only with GMT versions

built with GDAL support. The image can be indexed or true color

(RGB) and can be an URL of a remotely located file. That is -D

http://www.somewhere.com/image.jpg

is a valid file syntax. Note, however, that to use it this way you

must not be blocked by a proxy. If you are, chances are good that it

can work by setting the environmental variable

http_proxy with the value ‘your_proxy:port’ Append

r to use the region specified by -R to apply to the image.

For example, if you have used -Rd then the image will be

assigned the limits of a global domain. The interest of this mode is

that you can project a raw image (an image without referencing

coordinates).

-E[i|dpi]

Sets the resolution of the projected grid that will be created if a

map projection other than Linear or Mercator was selected [100]. By

default, the projected grid will be of the same size (rows and

columns) as the input file. Specify i to use the PostScript

image operator to interpolate the image at the device resolution.

-G[f|b]color

This option only applies when the resulting image otherwise would

consist of only two colors: black (0) and white (255). If so, this

option will instead use the image as a transparent mask and paint

the mask (or its inverse, with -Gb) with the given color combination.

-I[intensfile|intensity]

Gives the name of a grid file with intensities in the (-1,+1) range,

or a constant intensity to apply everywhere; this simply affects the

ambient light. If no argument is given then we derive an intensity

grid from the input data grid grd_z via a call to grdgradient

using the arguments -A-45 and -Nt1 for that module. If you want

other settings then run grdgradient separately first.

[Default is no illumination].

-Jz|Zparameters (more ...)

Set z-axis scaling; same syntax as -Jx.

Do not finalize the PostScript plot.

-M

Force conversion to monochrome image using the (television) YIQ

transformation. Cannot be used with -Q.

-N

Do not clip the image at the map boundary (only relevant for

non-rectangular maps).

Append to existing PostScript plot.

Select “Portrait” plot orientation.

-Q

Make grid nodes with z = NaN transparent, using the colormasking

feature in PostScript Level 3 (the PS device must support PS Level 3).

-R[unit]xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax[r] (more ...)

Specify the region of interest.

For perspective view p, optionally append /zmin/zmax. (more ...) You may ask for a larger

w/e/s/n region to have more room between the image and the axes. A

smaller region than specified in the grid file will result in a

subset of the grid [Default is the region given by the grid file].

-U[[just]/dx/dy/][c|label] (more ...)

Draw GMT time stamp logo on plot.

Select verbosity level [c].

-X[a|c|f|r][x-shift[u]]

-Y[a|c|f|r][y-shift[u]] (more ...)

Shift plot origin.

Specify number of plot copies [Default is 1].

-f[i|o]colinfo (more ...)

Specify data types of input and/or output columns.

-n[b|c|l|n][+a][+bBC][+c][+tthreshold] (more ...)

Select interpolation mode for grids.

-p[x|y|z]azim/elev[/zlevel][+wlon0/lat0[/z0]][+vx0/y0] (more ...)

Select perspective view.

-t[transp] (more ...)

Set PDF transparency level in percent.

-^ or just -

Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exits (NOTE: on Windows just use -).

-+ or just +

Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of

any module-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exits.

-? or no arguments

Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exits.

Grid File Formats¶

By default GMT writes out grid as single precision floats in a

COARDS-complaint netCDF file format. However, GMT is able to produce

grid files in many other commonly used grid file formats and also

facilitates so called “packing” of grids, writing out floating point

data as 1- or 2-byte integers. (more ...)

Imaging Grids With Nans¶

Be aware that if your input grid contains patches of NaNs, these patches

can become larger as a consequence of the resampling that must take

place with most map projections. Because grdimage uses the

PostScript colorimage operator, for most non-linear projections we

must resample your grid onto an equidistant rectangular lattice. If you

find that the NaN areas are not treated adequately, consider (a) use a

linear projection, or (b) use grdview -Ts instead.

Consequences of grid resampling¶

Except for Cartesian cases, we need to resample your geographic grid onto

an equidistant projected grid. In doing so various algorithms come into play

that projects data from one lattice to another while avoiding anti-aliasing,

leading to possible distortions.

One expected effect of resampling with splines is the tendency for the new

resampled grid to slightly exceed the global min/max limits of the original

grid. If this is coupled with tight CPT limits you may find that some

map areas may show up with fore- or background color due to the resampling.

In that case you have two options: (1) Modify your CPT to fit the resampled

extrema (reported with -V) or (2) Impose clipping of resampled values

so they do not exceed the input min/max values (add +c to your -n

option).

Examples¶

For a quick-and-dirty illuminated color map of the data in the file stuff.nc, with

the maximum map dimension limited to be 6 inches, try

gmt grdimage stuff.nc -JX6i+ -I > quick.ps

To gray-shade the file hawaii_grav.nc with shades given in shades.cpt

on a Lambert map at 1.5 cm/degree along the standard parallels 18 and

24, and using 1 degree tickmarks:

gmt grdimage hawaii_grav.nc -Jl18/24/1.5c -Cshades.cpt -B1 > hawaii_grav_image.ps

To create an illuminated color PostScript plot of the gridded data set

image.nc, using the intensities provided by the file intens.nc, and

color levels in the file colors.cpt, with linear scaling at 10

inch/x-unit, tickmarks every 5 units:

gmt grdimage image.nc -Jx10i -Ccolors.cpt -Iintens.nc -B5 > image.ps

To create an false color PostScript plot from the three grid files

red.nc, green.nc, and blue.nc, with linear scaling at 10 inch/x-unit,

tickmarks every 5 units:

gmt grdimage red.nc green.nc blue.nc -Jx10i -B5 > rgbimage.ps

When GDAL support is built in: To create a sinusoidal projection of a

remotely located Jessica Rabbit

gmt grdimage -JI15c -Rd -Dr \

http://larryfire.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/untooned_jessicarabbit.jpg \

-P > jess.ps