Linux磁盘管理高级LVM
BtrshLVM
逻辑卷管理(LVM)指系统将物理卷管理抽象成一个逻辑卷,包括重新设定文件系统的大小,LVM可以弹性的更改LVM的容量,通过交换PE来进行资料的转换,将原来LV内的PE转移到其他的设备中以降低LV的容量,或将其他设备中的PE加到LV中以加大容量。
LVM还有快照的功能,快照区与原本的LV共用很多PE的区块,因此快照区与被快照的LV必须要要在同一个VG上!系统恢复的时候的文件数量不能高于快照区的实际容量。
LVM的基本原理可用下图表示:
LVM: Logical Volume Manager,Version: 2
dm: device mapper:将一个或多个底层块设备组织成一个逻辑设备的模块
设备名:/dev/dm-#
软链接:
/dev/mapper/VG_NAME-LV_NAME
/dev/mapper/vol0-root
/dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME
/dev/vol0/root
使用示例创建由/dev/sdb(15G)和/dev/sdc1(10G)组成的卷组VG0,从中切分一个大小 20G的逻辑卷mydata,采用ext4文件系统,并自动挂载到/mydata目录下
扩展mydata逻辑卷占用所有VG0的空间,并增加新的设备/dev/sdc2(5G)到VG0中
压缩mydata逻辑卷至5G大小
删除所有以上题目中创建的逻辑卷,卷组和PV
准备:准备好硬盘与相应的分区,注意修改分区的类型为8e(Linux LVM)创建pv: pvcreate[[email protected] ~]#pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c1}
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]#
创建vg: vgcreate[[email protected] ~]#vgcreate VG0 /dev/sd{b,c1}
Volume group "VG0" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]#
创建lv: lvcreate[[email protected] ~]#lvcreate -n mydata -L 20G VG0
Logical volume "mydata" created.
[[email protected] ~]#
创建文件系统[[email protected] ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/VG0/mydata挂载
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /mydata
[[email protected] ~]#mount -a
[[email protected] ~]#mount |tail -n 1
/dev/mapper/VG0-mydata on /mydata type ext4 (rw)
[[email protected] ~]#
至此,一个基本的LVM就创建好了,LVM也是磁盘管理的一部分,最终也逃不过这个的基本步骤:创建分区(pv,vg,lv)---> 格式化---> 挂载。
现在,我们就可以管理LVM了,包括扩展、缩减、删除、快照等;
在一个刚创建完的裸LVM上,逻辑卷所占用VG0的空间为0,即Free PE为VG大小;现在我们让逻辑卷占满整个VG0.扩展逻辑卷[[email protected] ~]#lvextend -r -l +100%FREE /dev/VG0/mydata # 百分百占用VG
# 当然也可以lvextend -L [+]#[mMgGtT]
注:如果是xfs系统,扩展文件系统时用xfs_growfs /dev/VG0/mydata扩展卷组[[email protected] ~]#pvcreate /dev/sdc2
Physical volume "/dev/sdc2" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]#vgextend VG0 /dev/sdc2
Volume group "VG0" successfully extended
[[email protected] ~]#
逻辑卷缩减(慎重操作,操作前需备份,五个步骤,不能颠倒,与创建lv的顺序相反,得先缩减文件系统,最后缩减物理卷)[[email protected] ~]#umount /mydata # 先卸载
[[email protected] ~]#e2fsck -f /dev/VG0/mydata # 强制检查文件系统
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/VG0/mydata: 11/1638400 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 146849/6552576 blocks
[[email protected] ~]#resize2fs /dev/VG0/mydata 5G # 缩减文件系统
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/VG0/mydata to 1310720 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/VG0/mydata is now 1310720 blocks long.
[[email protected] ~]#lvreduce -L 5G /dev/VG0/mydata # 缩减逻辑卷
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 5.00 GiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce VG0/mydata? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume VG0/mydata changed from 25.00 GiB (6399 extents) to 5.00 GiB (1280 extents).
Logical volume mydata successfully resized.
[[email protected] ~]#[[email protected] ~]#mount -a # 重新挂载
[[email protected] ~]#
注意:当逻辑卷LV的太小以至没占用到其它的物理卷PV,则该PV显示不出LVM(dm)
而当我们让LV占满VG时:
LVM快照,本质上也是创建逻辑卷,也特挂载[[email protected] ~]#lvcreate -n mydata_snapshot -p r -L 35G -s /dev/VG0/mydata
# 设置快照的名称、权限、大小、对象(对谁做快照)
Reducing COW size 35.00 GiB down to maximum usable size 30.12 GiB.
Volume group "VG0" has insufficient free space (0 extents): 7712 required.
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /mnt/snapshot
[[email protected] ~]#mount /dev/VG0/mydata /mnt/snapshot
[[email protected] ~]#移动物理卷
在移动物理卷上的空间到其它卷组时,要确保卷组VG有足够的空间,否则移动会失败,r所以,在上面的基础上我们再将LV缩减到5G,然后移动/dev/sdb.[[email protected] ~]#pvmove /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb: Moved: 0.7% /dev/sdb: Moved: 100.0%
[[email protected] ~]#
移动前:
移动后:
删除逻辑卷[[email protected] ~]#umount /dev/VG0/mydata
[[email protected] ~]#pvmove /dev/sdb
No data to move for VG0
[[email protected] ~]#pvmove /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1: Moved: 0.5%
/dev/sdc1: Moved: 100.0%
[[email protected] ~]#pvmove /dev/sdc2
No data to move for VG0
[[email protected] ~]#vgremove VG0
Do you really want to remove volume group "VG0" containing 1 logical volumes? [y/n]: y
Do you really want to remove active logical volume mydata? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "mydata" successfully removed
Volume group "VG0" successfully removed
[[email protected] ~]#
Btrsh
Btrfs 被称为是下一代 Linux 文件系统,Linux支持众多的文件系统,其经典的系列是ext系统,在CentOS 7上面还支持xfs文件系统,ext4可以向前或向后兼容;XFS 是一个全64-bit的文件系统,开启了日志功能,所以你磁盘上的文件不再会意外宕机而遭到破坏;人们的需求无止尽,Btrfs正在绽放其魅力。
Btrfs的特性支持RAID
CoW机制:写时复制
支持快照
透明压缩
子卷:sub_volume
下面我们来简单地体验一下Btrfs, 主要涉及创建btrfs,做快照,增加与删除设备,文件系统转换,删除btrfs文件系统等。btrfs的命令特点是支持命令集,常用的有btrfs filesystem, btrfs device, btrfs balance, btrfs subvolume等。创建btrfs系统[[email protected] ~]#mkfs.btrfs -L mydata /dev/sd{b,c}
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /mydata
[[email protected] ~]#mount LABEL=mydata /mydata
[[email protected] ~]#
查看无数据信息:
在线压缩与扩展[[email protected] ~]#btrfs filesystem resize -10G
/mydata Resize ‘/mydata‘ of ‘-10G‘
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs filesystem resize max
/mydata/ Resize ‘/mydata/‘ of ‘max‘透明压缩[[email protected] ~]#mount -o remount,compress=lzo /mydata/
[[email protected] ~]#添加新硬盘[[email protected] ~]#btrfs device add /dev/sdd /mydata/
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs device add /dev/sde /mydata/
[[email protected] ~]#
对元数据与数据分别作raid级别[[email protected] ~]#btrfs balance start -mconvert=raid5 /mydata/
Done, had to relocate 4 out of 5 chunks
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs balance start -dconvert=raid5 /mydata
/Done, had to relocate 1 out of 3 chunks
[[email protected] ~]#
可见空余的硬盘有部分已经被占用,这本身也是数据平衡。
注:在修改RAID级别时,注意raid对成员数量的要求。
当然,也可以单独为数据作raid:btrfs balance start -dconvert=single /mydata平衡数据:目的是新加的磁盘可以无人用,故而做数据平衡btrfs balance status /mydata
btrfs balance srart /mydata (以chunk为单位)子卷管理[[email protected] ~]#btrfs subvolume creat /mydata/sub1 # 创建子卷
Create subvolume ‘/mydata/sub1‘
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs subvolume list /mydata/ # 查看子卷
ID 262 gen 56 top level 5 path sub1
[[email protected] ~]#
# 单独挂载子卷
[[email protected] ~]#umount /mydata/
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /mnt/sub1
[[email protected] ~]#mount -o subvol=sub1 /dev/sde /mnt/sub1
或者:
[[email protected] ~]#mount /dev/sde /mydata # 挂载父卷,子卷自动挂载快照# 子卷做快照
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs subvolume snapshot /mydata/sub1 /mydata/sub1_snapshot
Create a snapshot of ‘/mydata/sub1‘ in ‘/mydata/sub1_snapshot‘
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs与ext4之间的转换[[email protected] ~]#btrfs device delete /dev/sde /mydata/
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs filesystem show
Label: ‘mydata‘ uuid: e55867ff-d8b1-4b82-a8b3-226505a26e2f
Total devices 3 FS bytes used 928.00KiB
devid 1 size 20.00GiB used 1.53GiB path /dev/sdb
devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 1.53GiB path /dev/sdc
devid 3 size 20.00GiB used 1.53GiB path /dev/sdd
btrfs-progs v3.19.1
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/sde
[[email protected] ~]#blkid
/dev/sde/dev/sde: UUID="397d0c57-4e11-4008-9c0b-933b2ddb7ecf" TYPE="ext4"
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs-convert /dev/sde # ext4-->btrfs
creating btrfs metadata.
copy inodes [o] [ 0/ 11]
creating ext2fs image file.
cleaning up system chunk.
conversion complete.
[[email protected] ~]#blkid /dev/sde
/dev/sde: UUID="c5031e36-0824-4246-bca1-ff645c8cb40e" UUID_SUB="ed87c272-0c09-452b-a59b-6d423a764fc1" TYPE="btrfs"
[[email protected] ~]
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /mnt/sde
[[email protected] ~]#mount /dev/sde /mnt/sde
[[email protected] ~]#[[email protected] ~]#umount /dev/sde
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs-convert -r /dev/sde # 转换回去:btrfs-->ext4
rollback complete.
[[email protected] ~]#blkid /dev/sde/dev/sde: UUID="397d0c57-4e11-4008-9c0b-933b2ddb7ecf" TYPE="ext4"
[[email protected] ~]#删除子卷,快照,文件系统[[email protected] ~]#btrfs subvolume delete /mydata/sub1_snapshot
Delete subvolume (no-commit): ‘/mydata/sub1_snapshot‘
[[email protected] ~]#umount /mnt/sub1
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs subvolume delete /mydata/sub1
Delete subvolume (no-commit): ‘/mydata/sub1‘
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]#umount /mydata
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs device delete /dev/sdb /mydata
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /mydata
ERROR: error removing the device ‘/dev/sdc‘ - unable to go below two devices on raid5
# 注:当出现类似情况,可直接格式化此设备。
[[email protected] ~]#btrfs filesystem show
btrfs-progs v3.19.1
本文主要介绍了LVM的基本原理与用法,包括LVM的创建与管理,以及简单体验了下Btrfs文件系统,包括Bftrfs的创建、在线扩展、删除等。
止战
2016.9.9
原文:http://liansir.blog.51cto.com/9372908/1851218