语言学中CP中C位置,语言学总结 2

第一章语言学导论

常考的定义

1、语言的定义：

a. human speech

b. the ability to communicate by human speech

c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings

d. the written representation of such a system

2、Design features (定义)：the feature that define our language can be called design feature.

3、语言的区别性特征(Design features )

Arbitrariness(任意性)：Arbitrariness means that the forms of linguistic sings bear no natural relationship to their meaning.例子，在课本第4页

Duality (多重性)：参考书第21页

Creativity (创造性)：language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Displacement(移位性)：参考书第21页

4、语言的功能

Informative(informational ideational referential)信息功能：convey message and information Interpersonal(人际功能)例子：称呼(dear sir、Jonny)能够表明人的身份和立场，口音，方言For example,

the chanting of a crowd at a football match,

the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings,

the stage-managed audience reactions to TV game shows

They all signal who we are and where we belong.

Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints;

Performative(施为功能)：说话就是做事，可改变状态。(抱怨、请求、禁止)都是施为功能。常见的例子：结婚仪式、对囚徒的宣判、婴儿的洗礼、船只初次下水前的命名以及对敌人的诅咒。For example, I now declare the meeting open.

I bet you two pounds it will rain tomorrow.

Emotive(情感功能)：to express attitudes, feelings and emotions.能够左右听众的情绪。常见的例子：诅咒，说脏话，对艺术或美景发出的不自觉的感叹。God, My, Damn it,What a sight, Wow, Oh.!!!!

Phatic (寒暄功能)：refers to the social interaction 例子：“早上好”，“上帝保佑你”，“天气不错”。俚语、笑话、行语、礼节性相互问候。

Recreation(娱乐功能)：例子：婴儿的牙牙学语、赞美诗者的吟唱，对歌

Metalingual (元语言功能)用语言描述语言

Interrogative(疑问功能)：带有？的句子

4、Linguistics(言语)

The scientific study of human language

Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.

It is an area with immense research potential and a scholarly “industry”.

Linguistics now has a set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.