第一章语言学导论
常考的定义
1、语言的定义:
a. human speech
b. the ability to communicate by human speech
c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings
d. the written representation of such a system
2、Design features (定义):the feature that define our language can be called design feature.
3、语言的区别性特征(Design features )
Arbitrariness(任意性):Arbitrariness means that the forms of linguistic sings bear no natural relationship to their meaning.例子,在课本第4页
Duality (多重性):参考书第21页
Creativity (创造性):language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Displacement(移位性):参考书第21页
4、语言的功能
Informative(informational ideational referential)信息功能:convey message and information Interpersonal(人际功能)例子:称呼(dear sir、Jonny)能够表明人的身份和立场,口音,方言For example,
the chanting of a crowd at a football match,
the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings,
the stage-managed audience reactions to TV game shows
They all signal who we are and where we belong.
Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints;
Performative(施为功能):说话就是做事,可改变状态。(抱怨、请求、禁止)都是施为功能。常见的例子:结婚仪式、对囚徒的宣判、婴儿的洗礼、船只初次下水前的命名以及对敌人的诅咒。For example, I now declare the meeting open.
I bet you two pounds it will rain tomorrow.
Emotive(情感功能):to express attitudes, feelings and emotions.能够左右听众的情绪。常见的例子:诅咒,说脏话,对艺术或美景发出的不自觉的感叹。God, My, Damn it,What a sight, Wow, Oh.!!!!
Phatic (寒暄功能):refers to the social interaction 例子:“早上好”,“上帝保佑你”,“天气不错”。俚语、笑话、行语、礼节性相互问候。
Recreation(娱乐功能):例子:婴儿的牙牙学语、赞美诗者的吟唱,对歌
Metalingual (元语言功能)用语言描述语言
Interrogative(疑问功能):带有?的句子
4、Linguistics(言语)
The scientific study of human language
Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.
It is an area with immense research potential and a scholarly “industry”.
Linguistics now has a set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.