python hmac,Python3和hmac。如何处理字符串不是二进制的

I had a script in Python2 that was working great.

def _generate_signature(data):

return hmac.new('key', data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()

Where data was the output of json.dumps.

Now, if I try to run the same kind of code in Python 3, I get the following:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/hmac.py", line 144, in new

return HMAC(key, msg, digestmod)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/hmac.py", line 42, in __init__

raise TypeError("key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got %r" %type(key).__name__)

TypeError: key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got 'str'

If I try something like transforming the key to bytes like so:

bytes('key')

I get

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: string argument without an encoding

I'm still struggling to understand the encodings in Python3. Any help would be greatly appreciated :D

解决方案

You can use bytes literal: b'key'

def _generate_signature(data):

return hmac.new(b'key', data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()

In addition to that, make sure data is also bytes. For example, if it is read from file, you need to use binary mode (rb) when opening the file.