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... a very interesting new book on MATLAB (R) performance ... covering basic tools and an appropriate range of specific programming techniques. The book seems to take a whole-system approach ... helping readers understand the big picture of how to get better performance. -Michelle Hirsch, Ph.D., Head of MATLAB (R) Product Management, The MathWorks Inc.
--此文字指其他 kindle_edition 版本。
目录
1. Introduction to Performance Tuning 1.1 Why Should We Bother? 1.2 When to Performance-Tune and When Not to Bother 1.3 The Iterative Performance Tuning Cycle 1.3.1 Pareto's Principle and the Law of Diminishing Returns 1.3.2 When to Stop Tuning 1.3.3 Periodic Performance Maintenance 1.4What to Tune 1.5Performance Tuning Pitfalls 1.5.1 When to Tune 1.5.2 Performance Goals 1.5.3 Profiling 1.5.4 Optimization 1.6 Performance Tuning Tradeoffs 1.7 Vertical versus Horizontal Scaling 1.8 Perceived versus Actual Performance 1.8.1 Presenting Continuous Feedback for Ongoing Tasks 1.8.2 Placing the User in Control 1.8.3 Enabling User Interaction during Background Processing 1.8.4 Streaming Data as it Becomes Available 1.8.5 Streamlining the Application 1.8.6 Reducing the Run-Time Variability 1.8.7 Performance and Real Time 2. Profiling MATLAB (R) Performance 2.1 The MATLAB Profiler 2.1.1 The Detailed Profiling Report 2.1.2 A Sample Profiling Session 2.1.3 Programmatic Access to Profiling Data 2.1.4 Function-Call History Timeline 2.1.5 CPU versus Wall-Clock Profiling 2.1.6 Profiling Techniques 2.1.6.1 Relative versus Absolute Run Times 2.1.6.2 Ensuring Profiling Consistency 2.1.6.3 Ensuring Compatibility with Real-World Conditions 2.1.6.4 Profiling GUI and I/O 2.1.6.5 Code Coverage 2.1.7 Profiling Limitations 2.1.8 Profiling and MATLAB's JIT 2.2 tic, toc and Relatives 2.2.1 The Built-In tic, toc Functions 2.2.2 Comparison between the Profiler and tic, toc 2.2.3 Related Tools 2.3 Timed Log Files and Printouts 2.4 Non-MATLAB Tools 3. Standard Performance-Tuning Techniques 3.1 Loop Optimization 3.1.1 Move Loop-Invariant Code Out of the Loop 3.1.1.1 A Simple Example 3.1.1.2 I/O and Memory-Related Invariants 3.1.1.3 Subexpression Hoisting 3.1.1.4 Loop Conditionals 3.1.1.5 Invoked Functions 3.1.2 Minimize Function Call Overheads 3.1.3 Employ Early Bail-Outs 3.1.4 Simplify Loop Contents 3.1.5 Unroll Simple Loops 3.1.6 Optimize Nested Loops 3.1.7 Switch the Order of Nested Loops 3.1.8 Minimize Dereferencing 3.1.9 Postpone I/O and Graphics Until the Loop Ends 3.1.10 Merge or Split Loops 3.1.11 Loop Over the Shorter Dimension 3.1.12 Run Loops Backwards 3.1.13 Partially Optimize a Loop 3.1.14 Use the Loop Index Rather than Counters 3.1.15 MATLAB's JIT 3.2 Data Caching 3.2.1 Read-Only Caches 3.2.2 Common Subexpression Elimination 3.2.3 Persistent Caches 3.2.3.1 In-Memory Persistence 3.2.3.2 Non-Memory Persistence 3.2.4 Writable Caches 3.2.4.1 Initializing Cache Data 3.2.4.2 Memoization 3.2.4.3 Multilayered (Offline) Cache 3.2.5 A Real-Life Example: Writable Cache 3.2.6 Optimizing Cache Fetch Time 3.3 Smart Checks Bypass 3.4 Exception Handling 3.5 Improving Externally Connected Systems 3.5.1 Database 3.5.1.1 Design 3.5.1.2 Storage 3.5.1.3 Indexing 3.5.1.4 Driver and Connection 3.5.1.5 SQL Queries 3.5.1.6 Data Updates 3.5.2 File System and Network 3.5.3 Computer Hardware 3.6 Processing Smaller Data Subsets 3.6.1 Reading from a Database 3.6.2 Reading from a Data File 3.6.3 Processing Data 3.7 Interrupting Long-Running Tasks 3.8 Latency versus Throughput 3.8.1 Lazy Evaluation 3.8.2 Prefetching 3.9 Data Analysis 3.9.1 Preprocessing the Data 3.9.2 Controlling the Target Accuracy 3.9.3 Reducing Problem Complexity 3.10 Other Techniques 3.10.1 Coding 3.10.1.1 Recursion 3.10.1.2 Using Known Computational Identities 3.10.1.3 Remove Unnecessary Computations ("Dead-Code" Elimination) 3.10.1.4 Optimize Conditional Constructs 3.10.1.5 Use Short-Circuit Conditionals (Smartly!) 3.10.1.6 Multiply Rather than Divide (or Not) 3.10.2 Data 3.10.2.1 Optimize the Processed Data 3.10.2.2 Select Appropriate Data Structures 3.10.2.3 Utilize I/O Data Compression 3.10.3 General 3.10.3.1 Reduce System Interferences 3.10.3.2 Self-Tuning 3.10.3.3 Jon Bentley's Rules 4. MATLAB (R)-Specific Techniques 4.1 Effects of Using Different Data Types 4.1.1 Numeric versus Nonnumeric Data Types 4.1.2 Nondouble and Multidimensional Arrays 4.1.3 Sparse Data 4.1.4 Modifying Data Type in Run Time 4.1.5 Concatenating Cell Arrays 4.1.6 Datasets, Tables, and Categorical Arrays 4.1.7 Additional Aspects 4.2 Characters and Strings 4.2.1 MATLAB's Character/Number Duality 4.2.2 Search and Replace 4.2.3 Converting Numbers to Strings (and Back) 4.2.4 String Comparison 4.2.5 Additional Aspects 4.2.5.1 Deblanking 4.2.5.2 Concatenating Strings 4.2.5.3 Converting Java Strings into MATLAB 4.2.5.4 Internationalization 4.3 Using Internal Helper Functions 4.3.1 A Sample Debugging Session 4.4 Date and Time Functions 4.5 Numeric Processing 4.5.1 Using inf and NaN 4.5.2 Matrix Operations 4.5.3 Real versus Complex Math 4.5.4 Gradient 4.5.5 Optimization 4.5.6 Fast Fourier Transform 4.5.7 Updating the Math Libraries 4.5.8 Random Numbers 4.6 Functional Programming 4.6.1 Invoking Functions 4.6.1.1 Scripts versus Functions 4.6.1.2 Function Types 4.6.1.3 Input and Output Parameters 4.6.1.4 Switchyard Functions Dispatch 4.6.2 onCleanup 4.6.3 Conditional Constructs 4.6.4 Smaller Functions and M-files 4.6.5 Effective Use of the MATLAB Path 4.6.6 Overloaded Built-In MATLAB Functions 4.7 Object-Oriented MATLAB 4.7.1 Object Creation 4.7.2 Accessing Properties 4.7.3 Invoking Methods 4.7.4 Using System Objects 4.8 MATLAB Start-Up 4.8.1 The MATLAB Startup Accelerator 4.8.2 Starting MATLAB in Batch Mode 4.8.3 Slow MATLAB Start-Up 4.8.4 Profiling MATLAB Start-Up 4.8.5 Java Start-Up 4.9 Additional Techniques 4.9.1 Reduce the Number of Workspace Variables 4.9.2 Loop Over the Smaller Data Set 4.9.3 Referencing Dynamic Struct Fields and Object Properties 4.9.4 Use Warning with a Specific Message ID 4.9.5 Prefer num2cell Rather than mat2cell 4.9.6 Avoid Using containers.Map 4.9.7 Use the Latest MATLAB Release and Patches 4.9.8 Use is* Functions Where Available 4.9.9 Specify the Item Type When Using ishghandle or exist 4.9.10 Use Problem-Specific Tools 4.9.11 Symbolic Arithmetic 4.9.12 Simulink 4.9.13 Mac OS 4.9.14 Additional Ideas 5. Implicit Parallelization (Vectorization and Indexing) 5.1 Introduction to MATLAB Vectorization 5.1.1 So What Exactly is MATLAB Vectorization? 5.1.2 Indexing Techniques 5.1.3 Logical Indexing 5.2 Built-In Vectorization Functions 5.2.1 Functions for Common Indexing Usage Patterns 5.2.2 Functions That Create Arrays 5.2.3 Functions That Accept Vectorized Data 5.2.3.1 reshape 5.2.4 Functions That Apply Another Function in a Vectorized Manner 5.2.4.1 arrayfun, cellfun, spfun, and structfun 5.2.4.2 bsxfun 5.2.5 Set-Based Functions 5.3 Simple Vectorization Examples 5.3.1 Trivial Transformations 5.3.2 Partial Data Summation 5.3.3 Thresholding 5.3.4 Cumulative Sum 5.3.5 Data Binning 5.3.6 Using meshgrid and bsxfun 5.3.7 A meshgrid Variant 5.3.8 Euclidean Distances 5.3.9 Range Search 5.3.10 Matrix Computations 5.4 Repetitive Data 5.4.1 A Simple Example 5.4.2 Using repmat Replacements 5.4.3 Repetitions of Internal Elements 5.5 Multidimensional Data 5.6 Real-Life Example: Synthetic Aperture Radar Matched Filter 5.6.1 Naive Approach 5.6.2 Using Vectorization 5.7 Effective Use of MATLAB Vectorization 5.7.1 Vectorization Is Not Always Faster 5.7.2 Applying Smart Indexing 5.7.3 Breaking a Problem into Simpler Vectorizable Subproblems 5.7.4 Using Vectorization as Replacement for Iterative Data Updates 5.7.5 Minimizing Temporary Data Allocations 5.7.6 Preprocessing Inputs, Rather Than Postprocessing the Output 5.7.7 Interdependent Loop Iterations 5.7.8 Reducing Loop Complexity 5.7.9 Reducing Processing Complexity 5.7.10 Nested Loops 5.7.11 Analyzing Loop Pattern to Extract a Vectorization Rule 5.7.12 Vectorizing Structure Elements 5.7.13 Limitations of Internal Parallelization 5.7.14 Using MATLAB's Character/Number Duality 5.7.15 Acklam's Vectorization Guide and Toolbox 5.7.16 Using Linear Algebra to Avoid Looping Over Matrix Indexes 5.7.17 Intersection of Curves: Reader Exercise 6. Explicit Parallelization Using MathWorks Toolboxes 6.1 The Parallel Computing Toolbox - CPUs 6.1.1 Using parfor-Loops 6.1.2 Using spmd 6.1.3 Distributed and Codistributed Arrays 6.1.4 Interactive Parallel Development with pmode 6.1.5 Profiling Parallel Blocks 6.1.6 Running Example: Using parfor Loops 6.1.7 Running Example: Using spmd 6.2 The Parallel Computing Toolbox - GPUs 6.2.1 Introduction to General-Purpose GPU Computing 6.2.2 Parallel Computing with GPU Arrays 6.2.3 Running Example: Using GPU Arrays 6.2.4 Running Example: Using Multiple GPUs with spmd Construct 6.2.5 Executing CUDA Kernels from MATLAB 6.2.6 Running Example: Using CUDA Kernels 6.2.7 Programming GPU Using MATLAB MEX 6.2.8 Accessing GPUs from within Parallel Blocks 6.3 The MATLAB Distributed Computing Server 6.3.1 Using MDCS 6.3.2 Parallel Jobs Overview 6.3.3 Setting Up a Scheduler Interface 6.3.4 Programming Independent Jobs 6.3.5 Programming Communicating Jobs 6.3.6 Using Batch Processing on a Cluster 6.3.7 Running Example: Using Communicating Jobs on a Cluster 6.4 Techniques for Effective Parallelization in MATLAB 6.4.1 General Performance Tips 6.4.2 Performance Tips for Parallel CPU Programming 6.4.3 Performance Tips for Parallel GPU Programming 7. Explicit Parallelization by Other Means 7.1 GPU Acceleration Using Jacket 7.1.1 Key Ideas of Jacket Design 7.1.2 Jacket Interface to MATLAB 7.1.3 Using Parallel gfor Loops 7.1.4 Compiling M-Code to a CUDA Kernel with Gcompile 7.1.5 Multi-GPU Support 7.1.6 Running Example: Using Parallel gfor-Loop 7.1.7 Running Example: Using gcompile 7.1.8 Running Example: Using spmd and Multi-GPU Support 7.2 Alternative/Related Technologies 7.2.1 Using GPUmat 7.2.2 Multicore Library for Parallel Processing on Multiple Cores 7.2.3 Using ArrayFire Library via MEX Interface 7.2.4 Additional Alternatives 7.3 Multithreading 7.3.1 Using POSIX Threads 7.3.2 Using OpenMP 7.3.3 Using Java Threads 7.3.4 Using .Net Threads 7.3.5 Using MATLAB Timers 7.4 Spawning External Processes 8. Using Compiled Code 8.1 Using MEX Code 8.1.1 Introduction 8.1.2 Our First MEX Function 8.1.2.1 Setting Up the Compiler 8.1.2.2 The Basic Format of a MEX File 8.1.2.3 "Hello, World" 8.1.3 MEX Function Inputs and Outputs 8.1.4 Accessing MATLAB Data 8.1.4.1 mxArray 8.1.4.2 Standard MEX API for MATLAB Data Access 8.1.5 A Usage Example 8.1.6 Memory Management 8.1.7 Additional Aspects 8.1.7.1 Profiling MEX Code 8.1.7.2 Calling MATLAB Functions 8.1.7.3 Calling Functions in External Libraries 8.1.7.4 Miscellaneous Aspects 8.2 Using the MATLAB Coder Toolbox 8.2.1 Code Adaptation 8.2.2 A Simple Example: Euclidean Distances Algorithm 8.2.3 A More Realistic Example: Dijkstra's Shortest-Path Algorithm 8.2.3.1 Compatibility Check 8.2.3.2 Converting Nested Functions into Sub-Functions 8.2.3.3 Converting Cell Arrays to Numeric Arrays 8.2.3.4 Bypassing Unsupported MATLAB Calls 8.2.3.5 Compiling the Code 8.2.3.6 Using the Compiled Code 8.2.4 Configuring the Coder for Maximal Performance 8.3 Porting MATLAB Algorithms to FPGA 8.3.1 Algorithm Adaptation 8.3.2 HDL Workflow 8.3.3 Run-Time Measurements 8.4 Deployed (Compiled) MATLAB Programs 8.5 Using External Libraries 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 Java 8.5.3 NAG: Numerical Algorithms Group 8.5.4 MATLAB Toolbox 8.5.5 MCT: Multi-Precision Computing Toolbox 8.5.6 Additional Libraries 8.5.6.1 LightSpeed 8.5.6.2 Spiral 8.5.6.3 Additional Toolboxes 9. Memory-Related Techniques 9.1 Why Memory Affects Performance 9.2 Profiling Memory Usage 9.2.1 Workspace Browser 9.2.2 whos Function 9.2.3 memory Function 9.2.4 feature memstats and feature dumpmem 9.2.5 feature mtic/mtoc 9.2.6 Profiler's Memory-Monitoring Feature 9.2.7 Profiling Java Memory 9.2.8 Using Third-Party Tools 9.2.9 Using the Operating System's Tools 9.2.10 format debug 9.3 MATLAB's Memory Storage and Looping Order 9.3.1 Memory Storage of MATLAB Array Data 9.3.2 Loop Down Columns Rather Than Rows 9.3.3 Effect of Subindexing 9.4 Array Memory Allocation 9.4.1 Dynamic Array Growth 9.4.2 Effects of Incremental JIT Improvements 9.4.3 Preallocate Large Data Arrays 9.4.4 Preallocation Location within the Code 9.4.5 Preallocating Nondouble Data 9.4.6 Alternatives for Enlarging Arrays 9.5 Minimizing Memory Allocations 9.5.1 MATLAB's Copy-on-Write Mechanism 9.5.1.1 Regular Variable Copies 9.5.1.2 Function Input Parameters 9.5.2 In-Place Data Manipulations 9.5.3 Reusing Variables (with Utmost Care) 9.5.4 Clearing Unused Workspace Variables 9.5.5 Global and Persistent Variables 9.5.6 Scoping Rules and Nested Functions 9.5.7 Passing Handle References (Not Data) to Functions 9.5.8 Reducing Data Precision/Type 9.5.9 Devectorizing Huge Data Operations 9.5.10 Assign Anonymous Functions in Dedicated Wrapper Functions 9.5.11 Represent Objects by Simpler Data Types 9.6 Memory Packing 9.7 Additional Recommendations 9.7.1 MATLAB Variables 9.7.2 Java Objects 10. Graphics and GUI 10.1 Initial Graphs Generation 10.1.1 Reduce the Number of Plotting Elements 10.1.1.1 Do Not Plot Hidden Elements 10.1.1.2 Do Not Plot Overlapped Elements 10.1.1.3 Use the Scatter Plot with More Than 100 Data Points 10.1.1.4 Use NaN or Inf Data Values to Reduce the Number of Line Segments 10.1.1.5 Use Only End-Points When Plotting Straight (Linear) Lines 10.1.2 Use Simple or No Plot Markers 10.1.3 Use Vectorized Data for Plotting 10.1.4 Use Static Axes Properties 10.1.5 Only Use Drawnow When You Are Finished Plotting 10.1.6 Use Low-Level Rather Than High-Level Graphic Functions 10.1.7 Generate Plots While the Figure Is Hidden 10.1.8 Apply Data Reduction to Plotted Data to Fit the Display Area 10.1.9 Reuse Plot Axes 10.1.10 Avoid Using the Axes Function 10.1.11 Use the Painters Figure Renderer with Fast Axes DrawMode 10.1.12 Images 10.1.12.1 Reduce Image File Size 10.1.12.2 Use Integer Image Data 10.1.12.3 Use Direct Color Mapping (Indexed Images) 10.1.12.4 Cropping 10.1.13 Patches and Volume Surfaces 10.1.14 Colorbars 10.1.15 Legends 10.1.16 Reopen Presaved Figure and/or Plot Axes 10.2 Updating Graphs and Images in Real Time 10.2.1 Axes Update 10.2.2 Plot and Image Update 10.2.3 Legends and Colorbars 10.2.4 Accessing Object Properties 10.2.5 Listeners and Callbacks 10.2.6 Trading Accuracy for Speed 10.2.7 Avoid Update to the Same Value 10.2.8 Cache Graphic Handles 10.3 Figure Window Performance Aspects 10.3.1 Use Hardware-Accelerated OpenGL Renderer and Functionality 10.3.2 Set a Nondefault WVisual/XVisual Property Value 10.3.3 Disable BackingStore 10.3.4 Disable DoubleBuffer 10.3.5 Set a Manual DitherMapMode on Old Platforms 10.3.6 Reuse Figure Windows 10.3.7 Sharing Data between GUI Callback Functions 10.4 GUI Preparation and Responsiveness 10.4.1 Creating the Initial GUI 10.4.1.1 Create and Update GUI Components in Nonvisible Mode 10.4.1.2 Reuse Existing Figure Windows and GUI Components 10.4.1.3 Reduce the Number of Property Updates 10.4.1.4 Prevent Unnecessary Callback Invocations 10.4.1.5 Postpone Nongraphical Setup and Updates 10.4.1.6 Make the GUI Simple to Use 10.4.1.7 uitable Considerations 10.4.2 Presenting User Feedback 10.4.2.1 Psychology of User Feedback 10.4.2.2 Feedback in MATLAB Applications 10.4.2.3 Feedback in MATLAB Slider Controls 10.4.2.4 Temporarily Disabling User Interaction 10.4.2.5 Feedback for Long-Duration Tasks 10.4.2.6 Feedback for High-Volatility Data 10.4.2.7 Reducing Intermediate Updates 10.4.3 Performing Asynchronous Actions 10.4.3.1 Update GUI Selectively 10.4.3.2 Reduce Callback Execution Time 10.4.3.3 Prevent Callback Re-entrancy 10.4.3.4 Disable Control Callbacks during Automated Updates 10.4.3.5 Prefer Asynchronous Callbacks to Synchronous Polling 10.4.3.6 Optimize Polling Performance 10.4.3.7 Zoom and Pan 10.4.3.8 Mouse Movement and Hover 10.5 Avoiding Common Pitfalls 10.5.1 Minimize Intentional Pauses 10.5.2 Delete Unused Graphic Objects 11. I/O Techniques 11.1 Reducing the Amount of I/O 11.2 Avoiding Repeated File Access 11.3 Reading and Writing Files 11.3.1 Text versus Binary Format 11.3.2 Text File Pre-Processing 11.3.3 Memory-Mapped Files 11.3.4 Reading Files Efficiently 11.3.5 Writing Files Efficiently 11.4 Data Compression and the save Function 11.5 Excel Files (and Microsoft Office Files in General) 11.6 Image Files 11.7 Using Java and C I/O 11.8 Searching, Parsing, and Comparing Files 11.8.1 Searching for Files 11.8.2 Parsing and Scanning Files 11.9 Additional Aspects 11.9.1 Using p-Code 11.9.2 Network I/O 11.9.3 Miscellaneous Appendix A: Additional Resources Online Resources Books Performance-Related Official MATLAB Bugs Performance-Related Code Analyzer (MLint) Warnings Appendix B: Performance Tuning Checklist References Index
--此文字指其他 kindle_edition 版本。
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