linux基本指令学习,Linux基本指令学习（一）

- 1.文件指令的基本操作

pwd –查看当前位置

$ pwd

/home/lzl/lzl

cd –进入某个文件夹

进入familyA文件中

~/lzl$ cd familyA/

~/lzl/familyA

$ cd ..

ls –显示该路径下的所有信息

~/lzl$ ls

familyA Son.txt study01.txt tmp_study

~/lzl$ ls -l

total 36

drwxrwxr-x 4 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:15 familyA

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 1625 Sep 28 03:01 Son.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 22035 Sep 29 23:24 study01.txt

drwxrwxr-x 2 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:08 tmp_study

mkdir –创建文件夹

~/lzl$ mkdir linuxStudy

~/lzl$ ls -l

total 40

drwxrwxr-x 4 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:15 familyA

drwxrwxr-x 2 lzl lzl 4096 Oct 11 23:42 linuxStudy

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 1625 Sep 28 03:01 Son.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 22035 Sep 29 23:24 study01.txt

drwxrwxr-x 2 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:08 tmp_study

touch –创建一个新文件

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ cd linuxStudy/

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ touch study01.txt

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ ls -l

total 0

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 0 Oct 11 23:44 study01.txt

touch –创建一个带内容的文件

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ cat study01.txt

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ echo "hello Linux!" > study01.txt

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ cat study01.txt

hello Linux!

cp –拷贝文件

cp +文件名 +路径

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ cp study01.txt /home/lzl/lzl/familyA/

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ cd ../familyA/

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ ls -l

total 12

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:15 daughter.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:14 erzi

drwxrwxr-x 2 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:15 fangzi

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:14 father.txt

drwxrwxr-x 9 lzl lzl 4096 Sep 28 01:45 house

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:14 mothre.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:15 nver

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl0 Sep 28 01:14 son.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 13 Oct 11 23:49 study01.txt

rm –删除文件

rm +文件名(必须是文件名)

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ rm fangzi

rm: cannot remove 'fangzi': Is a directory

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ rm erzi

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ ls -l

more –显示文件内容

more less +文件名 (分页显示内容)

more +文件名

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ more less study01.txt

以下是内容

more: stat of less failed: No such file or directory

::::::::::::::

study01.txt

::::::::::::::

hello Linux!

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ cd ..

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ more less study01.txt

more: stat of less failed: No such file or directory

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ more study01.txt

以下是内容

Script started on Wed 28 Sep 2016 01:13:03 AM PDT

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ cd familyA/

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ ls -

l

total 0

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ touc

h father.txt

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ touc

h mothre.txt

wc –显示文档的行数、字数、字符数

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ wc study01.txt

380 2408 22035 study01.txt

find –查找指定的文件

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ find -name study01.txt

./study01.txt

./familyA/study01.txt

./linuxStudy/study01.txt

./tmp_study/study01.txt

grep –查找指定字符串

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ grep hello study01.txt

hello Linux!

tree –显示目录树

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ tree

.

└── study01.txt

0 directories, 1 file

rmdir –删除空文件夹

rmdir +文件夹(文件夹中是空的文件)

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ rmdir tmp_study/

rmdir: failed to remove 'tmp_study/': Directory not empty

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ mkdir hello

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ rmdir hello

ln –连接

ln +路径名 +虚拟路径

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA/house$ sudo passwd

[sudo] password for lzl:

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA/house$ su root

Password:

root@ubuntu:/home/lzl/lzl/familyA/house# ln -s /home/lzl/lzl/familyA/house/roomA /home/roomA

root@ubuntu:/home/lzl/lzl/familyA/house#

系统管理命令">- 2.系统管理命令

stat –显示指定文件的相关信息

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ stat lzl

File: 'lzl'

Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory

Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 1325139 Links: 22

Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 1000/ lzl) Gid: ( 1000/ lzl)

Access: 2016-10-11 23:13:08.798006194 -0700

Modify: 2016-10-12 00:42:40.961904505 -0700

Change: 2016-10-12 00:42:40.961904505 -0700

Birth: -

who、w –显示在线登录用户

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ w

02:53:52 up 3:50, 1 user, load average: 0.04, 0.03, 0.00

USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT

lzl tty7 :0 23:10 3:50m 55.34s 0.42s /sbin/upstart -

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ who

lzl tty7 2016-10-11 23:10 (:0)

whoami –显示用户自己的身份

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ whoami

lzl

hostname –显示主机名称

hostname -i –显示主机IP

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ hostname

ubuntu

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ hostname -i

127.0.1.1

uname –显示系统信息

uname -a 显示全部信息(内核名称，主机名，等)

lzl@ubuntu:/home$ uname -a

Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-38-generic #57-Ubuntu SMP Tue Sep 6 15:42:33 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

top –显示当前系统中耗费资源最多的进程，动态显示过程，实时监控

lzl@ubuntu:~$ top

top - 23:20:10 up 6 min, 1 user, load average: 1.32, 1.38, 0.77

Tasks: 249 total, 1 running, 247 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie

%Cpu(s): 15.2 us, 5.7 sy, 0.4 ni, 72.8 id, 5.7 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.4 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem : 998388 total, 75560 free, 588888 used, 333940 buff/cache

KiB Swap: 1045500 total, 931964 free, 113536 used. 197480 avail Mem

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

4014 root 20 0 358972 35536 15384 S 10.2 3.6 0:05.58 Xorg

4888 lzl 20 0 1169848 44240 19736 S 5.0 4.4 0:07.94 compiz

ps 显示瞬间进程状态

ps -aux 显示所有瞬间进程状态

lzl@ubuntu:~$ ps

PID TTY TIME CMD

5378 pts/1 00:00:00 bash

5892 pts/1 00:00:00 ps

du 显示指定的文件(目录)已使用的磁盘空间的总量，可以使用–help查看帮助

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ du

4 ./house/chufang

32 ./house

4 ./fangzi

44 .

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ du fangzi

4 fangzi

df –显示文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况

df -h

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

udev469M 0 469M 0% /dev

tmpfs98M 6.2M 92M 7% /run

/dev/sda149G 9.0G 37G 20% /

tmpfs 488M 212K 488M 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock

tmpfs 488M 0 488M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

tmpfs98M 64K 98M 1% /run/user/1000

free –显示当前内存和交换空间的使用情况

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ free

totalusedfree shared buff/cache available

Mem: 998388 533612 964048884 368372 261220

Swap: 1045500 172640 872860

ifconfig –显示网络接口信息

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ ifconfig

ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:02:e8:ab

inet addr:192.168.119.129 Bcast:192.168.119.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

inet6 addr: fe80::6c67:b87b:336d:fc67/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:39015 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:17193 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:51782377 (51.7 MB) TX bytes:1049241 (1.0 MB)

ping –测试网络的连通性

ping +IP

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/familyA$ ping 10.18.250.120

PING 10.18.250.120 (10.18.250.120) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 10.18.250.120: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=1.42 ms

64 bytes from 10.18.250.120: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=1.80 ms

64 bytes from 10.18.250.120: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=1.42 ms

netstat 显示网络状态信息

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 27293

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 26034

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 25756 /run/systemd/journal/

- 3.备份压缩命令

gzip –命令

压缩文件 把lzl目录下的famailyA目录所有文件压缩成.gz文件 tar -cvf +压缩后的路径名 +要压缩的文件路径

tar -cvf /home/lzl/lzl/familyA/.tar /home/lzl/lzl/familyA/ 首先进行打包，因为gzip不能直接对目录进行压缩

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ gzip familyA.tar 进行压缩

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ gzip -l familyA.tar.gz 查看压缩包详情

compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name

644 30720 98.0% familyA.tar

解压缩命令 将myname.tar.g解压缩 tar -zxvf 压缩文件名.tar.gz

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$ tar -zxvf myname.tar.gz

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/study01.txt

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl/linuxStudy$

bzip2 –命令

压缩命令 将linuxStudy文件夹进行压缩 bzip2 -z linuxStudy.tar 需要加上-z参数

tar -cvf /home/lzl/lzl/study.tar /home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ bzip2 -z study.tar

-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzl lzl 601 Oct 14 01:07 study.tar.bz2

解压缩study.tar.bz2 tar -jxvf study.tar.bz2

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ tar -jxvf study.tar.bz2

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/study01.txt

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/home/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/home/lzl/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/home/lzl/lzl/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/study01.txt

home/lzl/lzl/linuxStudy/myname.tar.gz

tar –命令

仅打包，不压缩

tar -cvf /home/lzl/lzl/familyA.tar /home/lzl/lzl/familyA

打包后，以gzip压缩

tar -zcvf /home/lzl/lzl/familyA.tar.gz /home/lzl/lzl/itcast/familyA

打包后，以bzip2压缩

tar -jcvf /home/lzl/lzl/familyA.tar.bz2 /home/lzl/lzl/familyA

# 特别注意，在参数f之后的文件档名是自己取的，我们习惯上都用.tar来作为辨识

# 如果加z参数，则以.tar.gz或.tgz来代表gzip压缩过的tar file

# 如果加j参数，则以.tar.bz2来作为文档名

- 4.Ubuntu软件包管理

sudo dpkg -l –查看Ubuntu系统已安装所有软件包列表

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ sudo dpkg -l

[sudo] password for lzl:

Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold

| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend

|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)

||/ Name Version Architecture Description

+++-==============-============-============-=================================

ii a11y-profile-m 0.1.10-0ubun amd64Accessibility Profile Manager - U

ii account-plugin 0.12+16.04.2 all GNOME Control Center account plug

ii account-plugin 0.12+16.04.2 all GNOME Control Center account plug

ii account-plugin 0.12+16.04.2 all GNOME Control Center account plug

sudo lsb_release -a –查看系统版本信息

lzl@ubuntu:~/lzl$ sudo lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.

Distributor ID: Ubuntu

Description: Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS

Release: 16.04

Codename: xenial

安装软件

sudo apt-get install softname1 softname2 softname3……

卸载软件命令：

sudo apt-get remove softname1 softname2 softname3……

卸载并清除配置命令：

sudo apt-get remove --purge softname1

更新软件信息数据库命令：

sudo apt-get update

进行系统升级命令：

sudo apt-get upgrade

搜索软件包命令：

sudo apt-cache search softname1 softname2 softname3……