打算写一系列的文章介绍11g的新特性和变化。
Oracle11g在备份和恢复方面新增了很多的功能，无论是性能、功能性、安全性和可操作性方面都有了不同程度的提高。
这一篇介绍DUPLICATE语法的增强。
Oracle在11g中增强了DUPLICATE语法的功能，在使用DUPLICATE数据库或创建STANDBY数据库的时候，不再需要任何备份。也就是说，在目标数据库服务器上和本地数据库服务器上都不需要存在任何的备份，Oracle直接利用源数据库来生成目标数据库，Oracle把这种方法叫做active database duplication。
下面这个测试是在虚拟机上进行的，两台服务器都没有足够的空间存放备份，这时候，DUPLICATE新特性的优势就体现出来了。
利用11g提供的DUPLICATE功能，使得STANDBY创建过程简化很多，只需要在STANDBY数据库设置一个简单的init.ora文件，将STANDBY数据库实例启动起来就可以了：
[oracle@yangtk2 ~]$ echo 'db_name=ora11g' >> initora11g.ora
[oracle@yangtk2 ~]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Thu Nov 29 13:25:44 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup nomount pfile=initora11g.ora
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 146472960 bytes
Fixed Size 1298472 bytes
Variable Size 92278744 bytes
Database Buffers 50331648 bytes
Redo Buffers 2564096 bytes
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@yangtk2 ~]$ lsnrctl start
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on 29-NOV-2007 13:26:02
Copyright (c) 1991, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Starting /data/oracle/product/11.1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...
TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
System parameter file is /data/oracle/product/11.1/network/admin/listener.ora
Log messages written to /data/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/yangtk2/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=172.25.4.70)(PORT=1521)))
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=172.25.4.70)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias LISTENER
Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
Start Date 29-NOV-2007 13:26:02
Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
Trace Level off
Security ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP OFF
Listener Parameter File /data/oracle/product/11.1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File /data/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/yangtk2/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=172.25.4.70)(PORT=1521)))
The listener supports no services
The command completed successfully
根据主库的目录结构在STANDBY数据库服务器建立相应的目录。
在执行DUPLICATE之前，首先设置PRIMARY数据库的FORCE LOGGING和DATA GUARD相关的初始化参数：
[oracle@yangtk ~]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Wed Nov 7 03:42:16 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;
Database altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG = 'DG_CONFIG=(ora11g_p,ora11g_s)';
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_p' SCOPE = SPFILE;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 = 'SERVICE=ora11g_s ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_s';
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET FAL_SERVER = ora11g_s;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET FAL_CLIENT = ora11g_p;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT = AUTO;
System altered.
下面登陆主站点，利用RMAN执行DUPLICATE命令：
[oracle@yangtk ~]$ rman target / auxiliary sys/test@172.25.4.70/ora11g
Recovery Manager: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Wed Nov 7 05:35:27 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: ORA11G (DBID=4026820313)
connected to auxiliary database: ORA11G (not mounted)
RMAN> DUPLICATE TARGET DATABASE FOR STANDBY
2> DORECOVER FROM ACTIVE DATABASE NOFILENAMECHECK
3> SPFILE SET DB_UNIQUE_NAME 'ora11g_s'
4> SET FAL_CLIENT 'ora11g_s'
5> SET FAL_SERVER 'ora11g_p'
6> SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1
7> 'LOCATION=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_s'
8> SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2
9> 'SERVICE=ora11g_p ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_p'
10> SET CONTROL_FILES '/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control01.ctl',
11> '/data/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control02.ctl'
12> ;
Starting Duplicate Db at 07-NOV-07
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=98 device type=DISK
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy reuse
file '/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/orapwora11g' auxiliary format
'/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/orapwora11g' file
'/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/spfileora11g.ora' auxiliary format
'/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/spfileora11g.ora' ;
sql clone "alter system set spfile= ''/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/spfileora11g.ora''";
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 07-NOV-07
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=131 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 07-NOV-07
sql statement: alter system set spfile= ''/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/spfileora11g.ora''
contents of Memory Script:
{
sql clone "alter system set db_unique_name =
''ora11g_s'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
sql clone "alter system set FAL_CLIENT =
''ora11g_s'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
sql clone "alter system set FAL_SERVER =
''ora11g_p'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
sql clone "alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 =
''LOCATION=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_s'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
sql clone "alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 =
''SERVICE=ora11g_p ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_p'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
sql clone "alter system set CONTROL_FILES =
''/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control01.ctl'', ''/data/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control02.ctl'' comment=
'''' scope=spfile";
shutdown clone immediate;
startup clone nomount ;
}
executing Memory Script
sql statement: alter system set db_unique_name = ''ora11g_s'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
sql statement: alter system set FAL_CLIENT = ''ora11g_s'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
sql statement: alter system set FAL_SERVER = ''ora11g_p'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
sql statement: alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = ''LOCATION=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_s'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
sql statement: alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 = ''SERVICE=ora11g_p ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_p'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
sql statement: alter system set CONTROL_FILES = ''/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control01.ctl'', ''/data/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control02.ctl'' comment= '''' scope=spfile
Oracle instance shut down
connected to auxiliary database (not started)
Oracle instance started
Total System Global Area 267825152 bytes
Fixed Size 1299316 bytes
Variable Size 167775372 bytes
Database Buffers 96468992 bytes
Redo Buffers 2281472 bytes
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format '/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control01.ctl';
restore clone controlfile to '/data/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control02.ctl' from
'/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/control01.ctl';
sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 07-NOV-07
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
output file name=/data/oracle/product/11.1/dbs/snapcf_ora11g.f tag=TAG20071107T053542 RECID=5 STAMP=637997751
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 07-NOV-07
Starting restore at 07-NOV-07
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=153 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: no AUTOBACKUP in 7 days found
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: skipped, AUTOBACKUP already found
channel clone_default: copied control file copy
Finished restore at 07-NOV-07
sql statement: alter database mount standby database
contents of Memory Script:
{
set newname for tempfile 1 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_temp_3m11bo2t_.tmp";
switch clone tempfile all;
set newname for datafile 1 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_system_3d3795py_.dbf";
set newname for datafile 2 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_3d379f1s_.dbf";
set newname for datafile 3 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_3d379k48_.dbf";
set newname for datafile 4 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_users_3d37bq45_.dbf";
set newname for datafile 5 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3d3kn7k4_.dbf";
set newname for datafile 6 to
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3g73q02m_.dbf";
backup as copy reuse
datafile 1 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_system_3d3795py_.dbf" datafile
2 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_3d379f1s_.dbf" datafile
3 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_3d379k48_.dbf" datafile
4 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_users_3d37bq45_.dbf" datafile
5 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3d3kn7k4_.dbf" datafile
6 auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3g73q02m_.dbf" ;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script
executing command: SET NEWNAME
renamed tempfile 1 to /data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_temp_3m11bo2t_.tmp in control file
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
executing command: SET NEWNAME
Starting backup at 07-NOV-07
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_system_3d3795py_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_system_3d3795py_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:01:56
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_3d379f1s_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_3d379f1s_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:01:36
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_3d379k48_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_3d379k48_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:46
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3d3kn7k4_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3d3kn7k4_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00006 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3g73q02m_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3g73q02m_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_users_3d37bq45_.dbf
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_users_3d37bq45_.dbf tag=TAG20071107T053611 RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 07-NOV-07
sql statement: alter system archive log current
contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy reuse
archivelog like "/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf" auxiliary format
"/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf" ;
catalog clone archivelog "/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf";
switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script
Starting backup at 07-NOV-07
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log copy
input archived log thread=1 sequence=234 RECID=340 STAMP=637998112
output file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf RECID=0 STAMP=0
channel ORA_DISK_1: archived log copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 07-NOV-07
cataloged archived log
archived log file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf RECID=1 STAMP=639940971
datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_system_3d3795py_.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=6 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_3d379f1s_.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=7 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_3d379k48_.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=8 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_users_3d37bq45_.dbf
datafile 5 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=9 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3d3kn7k4_.dbf
datafile 6 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=10 STAMP=639940972 file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/datafile/o1_mf_yangtk_3g73q02m_.dbf
contents of Memory Script:
{
set until scn 4362299;
recover
standby
clone database
delete archivelog
;
}
executing Memory Script
executing command: SET until clause
Starting recover at 07-NOV-07
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1
starting media recovery
archived log for thread 1 with sequence 234 is already on disk as file /data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf
archived log file name=/data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/archivelog/1_234_630620185.dbf thread=1 sequence=234
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished recover at 07-NOV-07
Finished Duplicate Db at 07-NOV-07
下面登陆STANDBY数据库，并开始应用日志：
[oracle@yangtk2 ~]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Thu Nov 29 17:43:07 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
Database altered.
在建立STANDBY的过程需要注意：
把密码文件从PRIMARY数据库拷贝到STANDBY数据库，否则执行DUPLICATE命令的时候会出现错误：
ORA-17627: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
为STANDBY数据库指定新的控制文件位置，否则执行DUPLICATE命令的时候会出现错误：
ORA-19607: /data/oracle/oradata/ora11g/ORA11G_P/controlfile/o1_mf_3d378sn2_.ctl is an active control file
Oracle11g的新特性使得建立STANDBY数据库变得简化得多了，不再需要创建备份，不需要拷贝SPFILE、CONTROLFILE。
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