C H A P T E R EE.1

第 EE.1 章

Introduction

简介

Enterprises today need to extend their reach, reduce their costs, and lower the response times of their services to customers, employees, and suppliers.

今天的企业需要扩大他们的传播、减少他们的成本，并降低为客户、员工和供应商的服务响应时间。

Typically, applications that provide these services must combine existing enterprise information systems (EISs) with new business functions that deliver services to a broad range of users. The services need to be:

? Highly available, to meet the needs of today’s global business environment.

? Secure, to protect the privacy of users and the integrity of the enterprise.

? Reliable and scalable, to ensure that business transactions are accurately and promptly processed.

通常，提供这些服务的应用程序，必须通过新的业务逻辑整合现有的企业信息系统（EIS）来分发给更广范围的用户。这些服务需要：

?高可用性，以满足当今全球商业环境的需要；

? 安全，以保护用户的隐式和企业的完整；

? 可靠并且可扩展，以确保商业交易准确、快速的进行。

In most cases, enterprise services are implemented as multitierapplications. The middle tiers integrate existing EISs with the business functions and data of the new service. Maturing web technologies are used to provide first tier users with easy access to business complexities, and eliminate or drastically reduce user administration and training.

在大多数情况下，企业服务通过多层应用程序实现。中间层通过业务逻辑和新服务的数据将现存的EIS整合到一起。成熟的网络技术作为展示层以提供用户简单的访问负责业务逻辑、消除或减少用户的管理和培训。

The Java? Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java? EE) reduces the cost and complexity of developing multitier, enterprise services. Java EE applications can be rapidly deployed and easily enhanced as the enterprise responds to competitive pressures.

Java平台企业版减少了花费、降低了多层和企业服务开发的复杂性。Java EE应用程序可以快速的发布，轻松的提高企业应对竞争压力的响应能力。

Java EE achieves these benefits by defining a standard architecture with the following elements:

? Java EE Platform - A standard platform for hosting Java EE applications.

? Java EE Compatibility Test Suite - A suite of compatibility tests for verifying that a Java EE platform product complies with the Java EE platform standard.

? Java EE Reference Implementation - A reference implementation for prototyping Java EE applications and for providing an operational definition of the Java EE platform.

? Java EE BluePrints - A set of best practices for developing multitier, thinclient services.

Java EE 通过定义如下标准架构实现这些好处:

? Java EE 平台 一个运行Java EE应用程序的标准平台

? Java EE 兼容性测试套件 一套兼容测试用来验证Java EE平台产品是否满足Java EE标准平台

? Java EE 参考实现 一个实现了Java EE平台的操作定义的Java EE应用程序原型的参考实现

? Java EE 蓝本 一组多层的、瘦客户端服务的最佳实践。

This document is the Java EE platform specification. It sets out the requirements that a Java EE platform product must meet.

本文档即Java EE平台规范。它规定了Java EE平台产品必须满足的需求。

EE.1.1 Acknowledgements

感谢（不翻译了）

This specification is the work of many people. Vlada Matena wrote the first draft as well as the Transaction Management and Naming chapters. Sekhar Vajjhala, Kevin Osborn, and Ron Monzillo wrote the Security chapter. Hans Hrasna wrote the Application Assembly and Deployment chapter. Seth White wrote the JDBC API requirements. Jim Inscore, Eric Jendrock, and Beth Stearns provided editorial assistance. Shel Finkelstein, Mark Hapner, Danny Coward, Tom Kincaid, and Tony Ng provided feedback on many drafts. And of course this specification was formed and molded based on conversations with and review feedback from our many industry partners.

EE.1.2 Acknowledgements for Version 1.3

1.3版本感谢（不翻译了）

Version 1.3 of this specification grew out of discussions with our partners during the creation of version 1.2, as well as meetings with those partners subsequent to the final release of version 1.2. Version 1.3 was created under the Java Community Process as JSR-058. The JSR-058 Expert Group included representatives from the following companies and organizations: Allaire, BEA Systems, Bluestone Software, Borland, Bull S.A., Exoffice, Fujitsu Limited, GemStone Systems, Inc., IBM, Inline

Software, IONA Technologies, iPlanet, jGuru.com, Orion Application Server, Persistence, POET Software, SilverStream, Sun, and Sybase. In addition, most of the people who helped with the previous version continued to help with this version,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR VERSION 1.4 3

along with Jon Ellis and Ram Jeyaraman. Alfred Towell provided significant editorial assistance with this version.

EE.1.3 Acknowledgements for Version 1.4

1.4版感谢（不翻译了）

Version 1.4 of this specification was created under the Java Community Process as JSR-151. The JSR-151 Expert Group included the following members: Larry W.

Allen (SilverStream Software), Karl Avedal (Individual), Charlton Barreto

(Borland Software Corporation), Edward Cobb (BEA), Alan Davies (SeeBeyond

Technology Corporation), Sreeram Duvvuru (iPlanet), B.J. Fesq (Individual),

Mark Field (Macromedia), Mark Hapner (Sun Microsystems, Inc.), Pierce Hickey

(IONA), Hemant Khandelwal (Pramati Technologies), Jim Knutson (IBM), Elika

S. Kohen (Individual), Ramesh Loganathan (Pramati Technologies), Jasen Minton

(Oracle Corporation), Jeff Mischkinsky (Oracle Corporation), Richard MonsonHaefel (Individual), Sean Neville (Macromedia), Bill Shannon (Sun Microsystems,

Inc.), Simon Tuffs (Lutris Technologies), Jeffrey Wang (Persistence Software, Inc.), and Ingo Zenz (SAP AG). My colleagues at Sun provided invaluable assistance: Umit Yalcinalp converted the deployment descriptors to XML Schema; Tony Ng and Sanjeev Krishnan helped with transaction requirements; Jonathan

Bruce helped with JDBC requirements; Suzette Pelouch, Eric Jendrock, and Ian Evans provided editorial assistance. Thanks also to all the external reviewers, including Jeff Estefan (Adecco Technical Services).

EE.1.4 Acknowledgements for Version 5

第5版感谢（不翻译了）

Version 5 (originally known as version 1.5) of this specification was created under the Java Commuinity Process as JSR-244. The JSR-244 Expert Group included the following members: Kilinc Alkan (Individual), Rama Murthy Amar Pratap

(Individual), Charlton Barreto (Individual), Michael Bechauf (SAP AG), Florent

Benoit (INRIA), Bill Burke (JBoss, Inc.), Muralidharan Chandrasekaran

(Individual), Yongmin Chen (Novell, Inc.), Jun Ho Cho (TmaxSoft), Ed Cobb

(BEA), Ugo Corda (SeeBeyond Technology Corporation), Scott Crawford

(Individual), Arulazi Dhesiaseelan (Hewlett-Packard Company), Bill Dudney

(Individual), Francois Exertier (INRIA), Jeff Genender (The Apache Software

Foundation), Evan Ireland (Sybase, Inc.), Vishy Kasar (Borland Software

Corporation), Michael Keith (Orcale Corporation), Wonseok Kim (TmaxSoft, Inc.),

Jim Knutson (IBM), Elika Kohen (Individual), Felipe Leme (Individual), Geir

Magnusson Jr. (The Apache Software Foundation), Scott Marlow (Novell, Inc.),

Jasen Minton (Oracle Corporation), Jishnu Mitra (Borland Software Corp), David

Morandi (E.piphany), Nathan Pahucki (Novell, Inc.), David Morandi (E.piphany,

Inc.), Ricardo Morin (Intel Corporation), Nathan Pahucki (Novell, Inc.), Matt

Raible (Individual), Dirk Reinshagen (Individual), Narinder Sahota (Cap Gemini),

Suneet Shah (Individual), Bill Shannon (Sun Microsystems, Inc.), Rajiv Shivane

(Pramati Technologies), Scott Stark (Jboss, Inc), Hani Suleiman (Ironflare AB),

Kresten Krab Thorup (Trifork), Ashish Kumar Tiwari (Individual), Sivasundaram Umapathy (Individual), Steve Weston (Cap Gemini), Seth White (BEA Systems), and Umit Yalcinalp (SAP AG). Once again, my colleagues at Sun provided invaluable assistance: Roberto Chinnici provided draft proposals for many issues related to dependency injection.

EE.1.5 Acknowledgements for Version 6

第6版感谢（不翻译了）

Version 6 of this specification was created under the Java Community Process as

JSR-316. The spec leads for the JSR-316 Expert Group were Bill Shannon (Sun Microsystems, Inc.) and Roberto Chinnici (Sun Microsystems, Inc.). The expert group included the following members: Florent Benoit (Inria), Adam Bien (Individual), David Blevins (Individual), Bill Burke (Red Hat Middleware LLC),

Larry Cable (BEA Systems), Bongjae Chang (Tmax Soft, Inc.), Rejeev Divakaran

(Individual), Francois Exertier (Inria), Jeff Genender (Individual), Antonio

Goncalves (Individual), Jason Greene (Red Hat Middleware LLC), Gang Huang

(Peking University), Rod Johnson (SpringSource), Werner Keil (Individual),

Michael Keith (Oracle), Wonseok Kim (Tmax Soft, Inc.), Jim Knutson (IBM), Elika S. Kohen (Individual), Peter Kristiansson (Ericsson AB), Changshin Lee

(NCsoft Corporation), Felipe Leme (Individual), Ming Li (TongTech Ltd.),

Vladimir Pavlov (SAP AG), Dhanji R. Prasanna (Google), Reza Rahman

( Individual), Rajiv Shivane (Pramati Technologies), Hani Suleiman (Individual ).