Linux学习笔记10

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-13 17:54:30 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-11-13 17:54:30 发布

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原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/12119652/1871044

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分区

fdisk /dev/vdb

Command (m for help): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition 删除分区

g create a new empty GPT partition table

G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition 新建分区

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table 显示分区

q quit without saving changes 推出不保存

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id 修改分区功能id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit 保存更改到分区表中

x extra functionality (experts only)

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1-5, default 5):

Partition 5 is deleted

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5

First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496):

Using default value 618496

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +100M

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): wq

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

分区类型位主分区

分区类型位扩展分区

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

253 0 10485760 vda

253 1 10484142 vda1

253 16 10485760 vdb

253 17 102400 vdb1

253 18 102400 vdb2

253 19 102400 vdb3

253 20 1 vdb4

253 21 102400 vdb5

fdisk -l 查看系统上能识别的设备

cat /proc/partitions

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 格式化分区/dev/vdb5（换个文件系统）之后即可挂载使用

blkid 查看系统可用的设备

swapon -s 查看swap 分区大小使用情况

磁盘加密

1.磁盘加密

fdisk /dev/vdb 创建磁盘分区

crytestup luksFormat /dev/vdb1 设置加密(设置成功不提示)

crytestup open /dev/vdb1 westos 打开加密磁盘

ll /dev/mapper/ 查看是否打开

mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos 格式化

mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ 挂载

umount /mnt 卸除挂载

crytestup close westos 关闭磁盘

2.加密磁盘的永久挂载

vim /etc/crypttab

揭秘后设备管理文件设备加密字符存放文件

redhat/dev/vdb1/root/lukspsfile

vim /root/lukspsfile 创建加密字符文件

密码

chmod 600 /root/luspsfile 更改文件权限

cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb1 /root/lukspsfile密码文件的确定(将文件联系在一起)

Enter any passphrase: 需输入密码

vim /etc/fstab

/dev/mapper/redhat /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 格式

reboot 重启

3.加密的清楚

vim /etc/fstab 修改文件

> /etc/crypttab 清空文件内容

rm -rf /root/lukspsfile 删除加密字符文件

umount /mnt 解除挂载

cryptsetup close redhat 关闭

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f 格式化（-f强制执行）

4.磁盘阵列

监控命令 watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat

fdisk /dev/vdb 创建磁盘

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

/dev/vdb3 4196352 6293503 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect

mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3} 创建磁盘阵列

（-a如果没有该文件自动建立-l级别-n使用几块磁盘-x闲置磁盘）

mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and

may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to

store '/boot' on this device please ensure that

your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use

--metadata=0.90

Continue creating array? y

mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata

mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.

mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 格式化

mount /dev/md0 /mn 挂载

磁盘阵列的卸载

mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 手动使vdb1损坏

mdadm -D /dev/md0 产看状态

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State

2 253 19 0 active sync /dev/vdb3

1 253 18 1 active sync /dev/vdb2

0 253 17 - faulty /dev/vdb1

mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 移除vdb1

mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2 损坏vdb2

mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2 移除vdb2

umount /mnt 解除挂载

mdadm -S /dev/md0 停止md0

fdisk /dev/vdb 删除磁盘分区

5.配额(针对磁盘)

mkdir /pub

fdisk /dev/vdb

partprobe

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f

mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb1 /pub 挂载

chmod 1777 /pub 更改目录权限

quotaon -uv /dev/vdb1 开启配额（u用户v显示详细信息）

edquota -u student 更改用户配额

Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):

Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard

/dev/vdb1 0 0 50000 0 0 0（blocks所在大小【客观事实】hard最大上线）

su - student 切换用户

dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/file bs=1M count=100

dd: error writing ‘/pub/file’: Disk quota exceeded 报错（超出配额上线）

49+0 records in

48+0 records out

51200000 bytes (51 MB) copied, 0.0681524 s, 751 MB/s

quota 查看状态

Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):

Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace

/dev/vdb1 50000* 0 50000 1 0 0

（*代表超出上线，文件会在7天后自动删除）

开机自动执行配额

vim /etc/fstab 写配置文件

/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults,usrquota 0 0 （注意格式）

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 10473900 3808500 6665400 37% /

devtmpfs 481120 0 481120 0% /dev

tmpfs 496708 152 496556 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 496708 13100 483608 3% /run

tmpfs 496708 0 496708 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb1 508588 25768 482820 6% /mnt

注：当无法重启时，需用root密码然后更改配置文件

1.LVM

1.lvm的建立

1)划分物理分区并修改分区id为8e

fdisk /dev/vdb

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 8e Linux LVM

/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 8e Linux LVM

pvs|pvdisplay

vgs|vgdisplay

lvs|lvdisplay

监控：watch -n 1 \

'echo "==pvinfo==" \

;pvs \

;echo "==vginfo==" \

;vgs \

;echo "==lvinfo==" \

;lvs

;df -h /mnt'

pvcreate /dev/vdb1 创建pv（物理卷）

Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created

vgcreate gou /dev/vdb1 创建vg（卷组）

Volume group "gou" successfully created

lvcreate -L 100M -n lv0 gou 创建lv（逻辑卷）

mkfs.xfs /dev/gou/lv0 格式化

Logical volume "lv0" created

mount /dev/gou/lv0 /mnt

lvextend -L 200M /dev/gou/lv0 扩容设备

xfs_growfs /dev/gou/lv0 更新文件系统

pvcreate /dev/vdb2 添加磁盘

vgextend gou /dev/vdb2 扩容vg

lvextend -L 600M /dev/gou/lv0

xfs_growfs /dev/gou/lv0

注：设备大小受文件系统限制最大18EB

设备的缩减

umount /mnt 卸载

mkfs.ext4 /dev/gou/lv0 更改格式

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

38400 inodes, 153600 blocks

7680 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=157286400

5 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7680 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

e2fsck -f /dev/gou/lv0 检测磁盘内文件

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

/dev/gou/lv0: 11/38400 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 6740/153600 blocks

resize2fs /dev/gou/lv0 200M 缩减文件系统到小

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/gou/lv0 to 51200 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/gou/lv0 is now 51200 blocks long.

lvreduce -L 200M /dev/gou/lv0 缩减pv大小

WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 200.00 MiB

THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)

Do you really want to reduce lv0? [y/n]: y 确定

Reducing logical volume lv0 to 200.00 MiB

Logical volume lv0 successfully resized

pvmove /dev/vdb1 /dev/vdb2 数据的转移

/dev/vdb1: Moved: 8.0%

/dev/vdb1: Moved: 100.0%

vgreduce gou /dev/vdb1移出vg

pvmove /dev/vdb1 移除磁盘

注：xfs格式无法进行缩减；ext可以；应当先缩减文件系统后缩减设备

问题解决

1.先删除了设备

lvreduce -L 150M /dev/gou/lv0

mount /dev/gou/lv0 /mnt 挂载（报错）

mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/mapper/gou-lv0,

missing codepage or helper program, or other error

In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try

dmesg | tail or so.

lvextend -L 200M /dev/gou/lv0 扩大设备

resize2fs /dev/gou/lv0 扩大文件系统

2.将使用中的磁盘删除

fdisk /dev/vdb 删除磁盘

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Command (m for help): d

Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1

Partition 1 is deleted

Command (m for help): wq

partprobe 重新读取

vgreduce --removemissing gou 删除不能识别的设备

No device found for PV dgSwTp-EqYJ-2RBr-mWSO-6iQV-Jlwd-7HYLKO.

Wrote out consistent volume group gou

快照的建立

lvcreate -L 25M -n lv1 -s /dev/gou/lv0 建立快照（需预估大小）

mount /dev/gou/lv1 /mnt 挂载快照

lvremove /dev/gou/lv1 删除快照

卸载设备

umount /mnt 卸载

lvremove /dev/gou/lv1 删除快照

lvremove /dev/gou/lv0 删除逻辑卷

vgremove gou 删除卷组

pvremove /dev/vdb2 删除物理卷

pvs检测

fdisk /dev/vdb 删除磁盘（强制）

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/12119652/1871044