DUMP(8) System management commands DUMP(8)
NAME
dump - ext2/3 filesystem backup
SYNOPSIS
dump [-level#] [-ackMnqSuv] [-A file] [-B records] [-b blocksize] [-d
density] [-D file] [-e inode numbers] [-E file] [-f file] [-F script]
[-h level] [-I nr errors] [-jcompression level] [-L label] [-Q file]
[-s feet] [-T date] [-y] [-zcompression level] files-to-dump
dump [-W | -w]
DESCRIPTION
Dump examines files on an ext2/3 filesystem and determines which files
need to be backed up. These files are copied to the given disk, tape or
other storage medium for safe keeping (see the -f option below for
doing remote backups). A dump that is larger than the output medium is
broken into multiple volumes. On most media the size is determined by
writing until an end-of-media indication is returned.
On media that cannot reliably return an end-of-media indication (such
as some cartridge tape drives), each volume is of a fixed size; the
actual size is determined by specifying cartridge media, or via the
tape size, density and/or block count options below. By default, the
same output file name is used for each volume after prompting the oper-
ator to change media.
files-to-dump is either a mountpoint of a filesystem or a list of files
and directories to be backed up as a subset of a filesystem. In the
former case, either the path to a mounted filesystem or the device of
an unmounted filesystem can be used. In the latter case, certain
restrictions are placed on the backup: -u is not allowed, the only dump
level that is supported is 0 and all the files and directories must
reside on the same filesystem.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported by dump:
-level#
The dump level (any integer). A level 0, full backup, specified
by -0 guarantees the entire file system is copied (but see also
the -h option below). A level number above 0, incremental
backup, tells dump to copy all files new or modified since the
last dump of a lower level. The default level is 0. Historically
only levels 0 to 9 were usable in dump, this version is able to
understand any integer as a dump level.
-a “auto-size”. Bypass all tape length calculations, and write
until an end-of-media indication is returned. This works best
for most modern tape drives, and is the default. Use of this
option is particularly recommended when appending to an existing
tape, or using a tape drive with hardware compression (where you
can never be sure about the compression ratio).
-A archive_file
Archive a dump table-of-contents in the specified archive_file
to be used by restore(8) to determine whether a file is in the
dump file that is being restored.
-b blocksize
The number of kilobytes per dump record. The default blocksize
is 10, unless the -d option has been used to specify a tape den-
sity of 6250BPI or more, in which case the default blocksize is
32. Th maximal value is 1024. Note however that, since the IO
system slices all requests into chunks of MAXBSIZE (which can be
as low as 64kB), you can experience problems with dump(8) and
restore(8) when using a higher value, depending on your kernel
and/or libC versions.
-B records
The number of 1 kB blocks per volume. Not normally required, as
dump can detect end-of-media. When the specified size is
reached, dump waits for you to change the volume. This option
overrides the calculation of tape size based on length and den-
sity. If compression is on this limits the size of the com-
pressed output per volume. Multiple values may be given as a
single argument separated by commas. Each value will be used
for one dump volume in the order listed; if dump creates more
volumes than the number of values given, the last value will be
used for the remaining volumes. This is useful for filling up
already partially filled media (and then continuing with full
size volumes on empty media) or mixing media of different sizes.
-c Change the defaults for use with a cartridge tape drive, with a
density of 8000 bpi, and a length of 1700 feet. Specifying a
cartridge drive overrides the end-of-media detection.
-d density
Set tape density to density. The default is 1600BPI. Specifying
a tape density overrides the end-of-media detection.
-D file
Set the path name of the file storing the information about the
previous full and incremental dumps. The default location is
/etc/dumpdates.
-e inodes
Exclude inodes from the dump. The inodes parameter is a comma
separated list of inode numbers (you can use stat(1) to find the
inode number for a file or directory).
-E file
Read list of inodes to be excluded from the dump from the text
file file. The file file should be an ordinary file containing
inode numbers separated by newlines.
-f file
Write the backup to file; file may be a special device file like
/dev/st0 (a tape drive), /dev/rsd1c (a floppy disk drive), an
ordinary file, or - (the standard output). Multiple file names
may be given as a single argument separated by commas. Each file
will be used for one dump volume in the order listed; if the
dump requires more volumes than the number of names given, the
last file name will used for all remaining volumes after prompt-
ing for media changes. If the name of the file is of the form
host:file or user @host :file dump writes to the named file on the
remote host (which should already exist, dump doesn’t create a
new remote file) using rmt(8). The default path name of the
remote rmt(8) program is /etc/rmt; this can be overridden by the
environment variable RMT.
-F script
Run script at the end of each tape (except for the last one).
The device name and the current volume number are passed on the
command line. The script must return 0 if dump should continue
without asking the user to change the tape, 1 if dump should
continue but ask the user to change the tape. Any other exit
code will cause dump to abort. For security reasons, dump
reverts back to the real user ID and the real group ID before
running the script.
-h level
Honor the user nodump flag UF_NODUMP only for dumps at or above
the given level. The default honor level is 1, so that incre-
mental backups omit such files but full backups retain them.
-I nr errors
By default, dump will ignore the first 32 read errors on the
file system before asking for operator intervention. You can
change this using this flag to any value. This is useful when
running dump on an active filesystem where read errors simply
indicate an inconsistency between the mapping and dumping
passes.
A value of 0 means that all read errors will be ignored.
-jcompression level
Compress every block to be written on the tape using bzlib
library. This option will work only when dumping to a file or
pipe or, when dumping to a tape drive, if the tape drive is
capable of writing variable length blocks. You will need at
least the 0.4b24 version of restore in order to extract com-
pressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not be com-
patible with the BSD tape format. The (optional) parameter spec-
ifies the compression level bzlib will use. The default compres-
sion level is 2. If the optional parameter is specified, there
should be no white space between the option letter and the
parameter.
-k Use Kerberos authentication to talk to remote tape servers.
(Only available if this option was enabled when dump was com-
piled.)
-L label
The user-supplied text string label is placed into the dump
header, where tools like restore(8) and file(8) can access it.
Note that this label is limited to be at most LBLSIZE (currently
16) characters, which must include the terminating \0.
-m If this flag is specified, dump will optimise the output for
inodes having been changed but not modified since the last dump
(’changed’ and ’modified’ have the meaning defined in stat(2) ).
For those inodes, dump will save only the metadata, instead of
saving the entire inode contents. Inodes which are either
directories or have been modified since the last dump are saved
in a regular way. Uses of this flag must be consistent, meaning
that either every dump in an incremental dump set have the flag,
or no one has it.
If you use this option, be aware that many programs that unpack
files from archives (e.g. tar, rpm, unzip, dpkg) may set files’
mtimes to dates in the past. Files installed in this way may
not be dumped correctly using "dump -m" if the modified mtime is
earlier than the previous level dump.
Tapes written using such ’metadata only’ inodes will not be com-
patible with the BSD tape format or older versions of restore.
-M Enable the multi-volume feature. The name specified with f is
treated as a prefix and dump writes in sequence to <prefix>001,
<prefix>002 etc. This can be useful when dumping to files on an
ext2 partition, in order to bypass the 2GB file size limitation.
-n Whenever dump requires operator attention, notify all operators
in the group operator by means similar to a wall(1).
-q Make dump abort immediately whenever operator attention is
required, without prompting in case of write errors, tape
changes etc.
-Q file
Enable the Quick File Access support. Tape positions for each
inode are stored into the file file which is used by restore (if
called with parameter -Q and the filename) to directly position
the tape at the file restore is currently working on. This saves
hours when restoring single files from large backups, saves the
tapes and the drive’s head.
It is recommended to set up the st driver to return logical tape
positions rather than physical before calling dump/restore with
parameter -Q. Since not all tape devices support physical tape
positions those tape devices return an error during dump/restore
when the st driver is set to the default physical setting.
Please see the st(4) man page, option MTSETDRVBUFFER , or the
mt(1) man page, on how to set the driver to return logical tape
positions.
Before calling restore with parameter -Q, always make sure the
st driver is set to return the same type of tape position used
during the call to dump. Otherwise restore may be confused.
This option can be used when dumping to local tapes (see above)
or to local files.
-s feet
Attempt to calculate the amount of tape needed at a particular
density. If this amount is exceeded, dump prompts for a new
tape. It is recommended to be a bit conservative on this option.
The default tape length is 2300 feet. Specifying the tape size
overrides end-of-media detection.
-S Size estimate. Determine the amount of space that is needed to
perform the dump without actually doing it, and display the
estimated number of bytes it will take. This is useful with
incremental dumps to determine how many volumes of media will be
needed.
-T date
Use the specified date as the starting time for the dump instead
of the time determined from looking in /etc/dumpdates . The
format of date is the same as that of ctime(3) followed by an
rfc822 timezone specification: either a plus or minus sign fol-
lowed by two digits for the number of hours and two digits for
the minutes. For example, -0800 for eight hours west of Green-
wich or +0230 for two hours and a half east of Greenwich. This
timezone offset takes into account daylight savings time (if
applicable to the timezone): UTC offsets when daylight savings
time is in effect will be different than offsets when daylight
savings time is not in effect. For backward compatibility, if no
timezone is specified, a local time is assumed. This option is
useful for automated dump scripts that wish to dump over a spe-
cific period of time. The -T option is mutually exclusive from
the -u option.
-u Update the file /etc/dumpdates after a successful dump. The for-
mat of /etc/dumpdates is readable by people, consisting of one
free format record per line: filesystem name, increment level
and ctime(3) format dump date followed by a rfc822 timezone
specification (see the -u option for details). If no timezone
offset is specified, times are interpreted as local. Whenever
the file is written, all dates in the file are converted to the
local time zone, without changing the UTC times. There may be
only one entry per filesystem at each level. The file /etc/dump-
dates may be edited to change any of the fields, if necessary.
-v The -v (verbose) makes dump to print extra information which
could be helpful in debug sessions.
-W Dump tells the operator what file systems need to be dumped.
This information is gleaned from the files /etc/dumpdates and
/etc/fstab. The -W option causes dump to print out, for all
file systems in /etc/dumpdates , and recognized file systems in
/etc/mtab and /etc/fstab. the most recent dump date and level,
and highlights those that should be dumped. If the -W option is
set, all other options are ignored, and dump exits immediately.
-w Is like -W, but prints only recognized filesystems in /etc/mtab
and /etc/fstab which need to be dumped.
-y Compress every block to be written to the tape using the lzo
library. This doesn’t compress as well as the zlib library but
it’s much faster. This option will work only when dumping to a
file or pipe or, when dumping to a tape drive, if the tape drive
is capable of writing variable length blocks. You will need at
least the 0.4b34 version of restore in order to extract com-
pressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not be com-
patible with the BSD tape format.
-zcompression level
Compress every block to be written on the tape using zlib
library. This option will work only when dumping to a file or
pipe or, when dumping to a tape drive, if the tape drive is
capable of writing variable length blocks. You will need at
least the 0.4b22 version of restore in order to extract com-
pressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not be com-
patible with the BSD tape format. The (optional) parameter spec-
ifies the compression level zlib will use. The default compres-
sion level is 2. If the optional parameter is specified, there
should be no white space between the option letter and the
parameter.
Dump requires operator intervention on these conditions: end of tape,
end of dump, tape write error, tape open error or disk read error (if
there is more than a threshold of nr errors). In addition to alerting
all operators implied by the -n key, dump interacts with the operator
on dump’s control terminal at times when dump can no longer proceed, or
if something is grossly wrong. All questions dump poses must be
answered by typing “yes” or “no”, appropriately.
Since making a dump involves a lot of time and effort for full dumps,
dump checkpoints itself at the start of each tape volume. If writing
that volume fails for some reason, dump will, with operator permission,
restart itself from the checkpoint after the old tape has been rewound
and removed, and a new tape has been mounted.
Dump tells the operator what is going on at periodic intervals, includ-
ing usually low estimates of the number of blocks to write, the number
of tapes it will take, the time to completion, and the time to the tape
change. The output is verbose, so that others know that the terminal
controlling dump is busy, and will be for some time.
In the event of a catastrophic disk event, the time required to restore
all the necessary backup tapes or files to disk can be kept to a mini-
mum by staggering the incremental dumps. An efficient method of stag-
gering incremental dumps to minimize the number of tapes follows:
— Always start with a level 0 backup, for example:
/sbin/dump -0u -f /dev/st0 /usr/src
This should be done at set intervals, say once a month or once
every two months, and on a set of fresh tapes that is saved for-
ever.
— After a level 0, dumps of active file systems are taken on a
daily basis, with this sequence of dump levels:
3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8 9 9 ...
For the daily dumps, it should be possible to use a fixed number
of tapes for each day, used on a weekly basis. Each week, a
level 1 dump is taken, and the daily Hanoi sequence repeats
beginning with 3. For weekly dumps, another fixed set of tapes
per dumped file system is used, also on a cyclical basis.
After several months or so, the daily and weekly tapes should get
rotated out of the dump cycle and fresh tapes brought in.
Another backup strategy is the Tower of Hanoi sequence, which reuses
older tapes in a way that for newer dates the available restore points
are more frequent, then for older dates (see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_rotation_scheme for additional
information).
(The 4.3BSD option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility but
is not documented here.)
ENVIRONMENT
TAPE If no -f option was specified, dump will use the device speci-
fied via TAPE as the dump device. TAPE may be of the form tape-
name, host:tapename, or user @host :tapename.
RMT The environment variable RMT will be used to determine the path-
name of the remote rmt(8) program.
RSH Dump uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of
the remote shell command to use when doing remote backups (rsh,
ssh etc.). If this variable is not set, rcmd(3) will be used,
but only root will be able to do remote backups.
FILES
/dev/st0
default tape unit to dump to
/etc/dumpdates
dump date records
/etc/fstab
dump table: file systems and frequency
/etc/mtab
dump table: mounted file systems
/etc/group
to find group operator
SEE ALSO
fstab(5), restore(8), rmt(8)
DIAGNOSTICS
Many, and verbose.
COMPATIBILITY
The format of the /etc/dumpdates file has changed in release 0.4b34,
however, the file will be read correctly with either pre-0.4b34 or
0.4b34 and later versions of dump provided that the machine on which
dump is run did not change timezones (which should be a fairly rare
occurrence).
EXIT STATUS
Dump exits with zero status on success. Startup errors are indicated
with an exit code of 1; abnormal termination is indicated with an exit
code of 3.
BUGS
It might be considered a bug that this version of dump can only handle
ext2/3 filesystems. Specifically, it does not work with FAT filesys-
tems.
Fewer than 32 read errors (change this with -I) on the filesystem are
ignored. If noticing read errors is important, the output from dump can
be parsed to look for lines that contain the text ’read error’.
When a read error occurs, dump prints out the corresponding physical
disk block and sector number and the ext2/3 logical block number. It
doesn’t print out the corresponding file name or even the inode number.
The user has to use debugfs(8), commands ncheck and icheck to translate
the ext2blk number printed out by dump into an inode number, then into
a file name.
Each reel requires a new process, so parent processes for reels already
written just hang around until the entire tape is written.
The estimated number of tapes is not correct if compression is on.
It would be nice if dump knew about the dump sequence, kept track of
the tapes scribbled on, told the operator which tape to mount when, and
provided more assistance for the operator running restore.
Dump cannot do remote backups without being run as root, due to its
security history. Presently, it works if you set it setuid (like it
used to be), but this might constitute a security risk. Note that you
can set RSH to use a remote shell program instead.
AUTHOR
The dump/restore backup suite was ported to Linux’s Second Extended
File System by Remy Card <card@Linux.EU.Org>. He maintained the initial
versions of dump (up and including 0.4b4, released in January 1997).
Starting with 0.4b5, the new maintainer is Stelian Pop
<stelian@popies.net>.
AVAILABILITY
The dump/restore backup suite is available from <http://dump.source-
forge.net>
HISTORY
A dump command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
BSD version 0.4b42 of June 18, 2009 DUMP(8)
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