Cisco路由器IOS升级方法总结
笔者长期从事计算机网络管理工作,在对CISCO路由器的长期日常维护和管理实践中积累了一定的经验。现总结归纳出CISCO路由器
IOS
映像升级的几种方法,供广大网络爱好者或同仁参考。在介绍CISCO路由器
IOS
升级方法前,有必要对Cisco路由器的存储器的相关知识作以简单介绍。路由器与计算机相似,它也有内存和操作系统。在Cisco路由器中,其操作系统叫做互连网操作系统(Internetwork Operating System),常简称为
IOS
。路由器的存储器主要有:
ROM:只读存储器包含路由器正在使用的
IOS 的一份副本;
RAM:IOS将随机访问存储器分成共享和主存。主要用来存储运行中的路由器配置和与路由协议有关的
IOS 数据结构;
FLASH (闪存):用来存储
IOS 软件映像文件,闪存是可以擦除内存,它能够用
IOS 的新版本覆写,
IOS 升级主要是闪存中的
IOS 映像文件进行更换。
NVRAM:非易失性随机访问存储器,用来存储系统的配置文件。
IOS 升级方法一
在对能够正常启动的CISCO路由器的
IOS 进行升级时,比较简单。具体步骤如下:
1、寻找一种TFTP服务器软件(有CISCO公司的TFTPServer或3COM公司的3Cserver等,在升级较大
IOS 映象文件时,建议用3Cserver),安装在一台计算机上,将要升级的
IOS 映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中(例:D:\),并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝
IOS 映象文件所在目录(如D:\)。假设该计算机的IP地址为10.32.10.1;
2、连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC的超级终端软件访问路由器,将路由器的地址设为10.32.10.32(与计算机的IP地址同网段即可)。建议在进行
IOS 升级前将原有
IOS 文件备份下来,防止待升级的
IOS 文件存在问题不可用;
QUOTE:
Router# dir flash: (查看目前IOS 映象文件名,也可用Router#Show version) Directory of flash:/ 1 -rw- 5998292 C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN 8388608 bytes total (2390252 bytes free) Router#copy flash tftp (备份IOS 文件) Source filename []?c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址) Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]? !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! … !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5998292 bytes copied in 324.071 secs (18509 bytes/sec) Router# 3、对路由器进行IOS 升级;
QUOTE:
Router#copy tftp flash Address or name of remote host []? 10.32.10.1 (TFTP服务器地址) Source filename []? c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (需升级的新IOS 映象文件名) Destination filename [c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin]? Do you want to over write? [confirm] Accessing tftp://10.32.10.1/c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin... Erase flash: before copying? [confirm] Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm] Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erasedee Erase of flash: complete Loading c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin from 10.32.10.1 (via Ethernet0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! … !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 5998292 bytes] Verifying checksum... OK (0xA0C0) 5998292 bytes copied in 318.282 secs (18846 bytes/sec) Router#
IOS 升级方法二
由于升级失败后或者路由器的config-register寄存器值为0x2101时,开启路由器时、或者在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即Router(boot)>,在这种情形下,对路由器的
IOS 进行升级,也比较简单。首先进入特权模式下,即
QUOTE:
Router(boot)>en Router(boot)# 其他升级步骤同方法一,即:执行copy tftp flash命令,对IOS 进行升级。升级完成后,不要忘了修改config-register寄存器值为0x2102(恢复正常值)。
QUOTE:
Router(boot)# t Router(boot)( config)# config-register 0x2102 Router(boot)( config)#exit Router(boot)#wr Router(boot)#reload 重启即可。
IOS 升级方法三
由于不小心使用了命令erase flash或升级失败后或在开启(某些型号)Cisco路由器的电源开关后30秒内按下Ctrl+break键,中断路由器的正常启动,路由器都会进入rom监视模式,即 rommon 1>,在这种情形下,对路由器的
IOS 进行升级,情况要稍微复杂一点。在rommon 1>状态下,可键?请求帮助。(1为命令行序号,每执行1条命令自动加1)
QUOTE:
rommon 1 > ? alias set and display aliases command boot boot up an external process break set/show/clear the breakpoint confreg configuration register utility cont continue executing a downloaded p_w_picpath context display the context of a loaded p_w_picpath cookie display contents of cookie PROM in hex dev list the device table dir list files in file system dis display instruction stream dnld serial download a program module frame print out a selected stack frame help monitor builtin command help history monitor command history meminfo main memory information repeat repeat a monitor command reset system reset set display the monitor variables stack produce a stack trace sync write monitor environment to NVRAM sysret print out info from last system return tftpdnld tftp p_w_picpath download unalias unset an alias unset unset a monitor variable xmodem x/ymodem p_w_picpath download rommon 2 >
在rommon 1>状态下有两种升级IOS 方法。
(一)、通过Xmodem命令(注:Xmodem与实际的modem没有任何联系 只是一个传输协议 数据是通过终端的串口和路由器的Console口灌进去的)升级
IOS ,具体步骤如下:
1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器,这时不需要对PC和路由器配置任何地址。
2、在这个模式下,输入Xmodem命令,即:
QUOTE:
rommon 2 > xmodem -c c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin (-c是带校验,c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin为存放在PC机上的IOS 映像文件) WARNING: All existing data in bootflash will be lost! Invoke this application only for disaster recovery. Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y Ready to receive file c2600-i-mz.122-11.bin ... (此时在超级终端的传送栏目=> 选择发送文件选项 => 再选择Xmodem 并指明IOS 映像文件所在的路径,按发送即开始上传IOS ,等待时间很长,视IOS 的大小和传输速度。)
QUOTE:
Erasing flash at 0x607c0000 program flash location 0x605b0000 Download Complete! 传完以后,对整个系统初始化 显示如下:
QUOTE:
program load complete, entry point: 0x80008000, size: 0x5b85e0 Self decompressing the p_w_picpath : ################################################# ################################################# [OK] Smart Init is disabled. IOMEM set to: 10 Using iomem percentage: 10 Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013. cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, California 95134-1706 Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) TAC Support: [url]http://www.cisco.com/tac[/url] Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong Image text-base: 0x8000809C, data-base: 0x80A68B48 cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 22528K/2048K bytes of memory Processor board ID JAD03483395 (1128032249) M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49 Bridging software. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0. 1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s) 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Press RETURN to get started! *Mar 1 00:00:05.652: %PA-2-UNDEFPA: Undefined Port Adaptor type 100 in bay 1 *Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down *Mar 1 00:00:07.996: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down *Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down *Mar 1 00:00:09.142: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down *Mar 1 00:00:09.458: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from memory by console *Mar 1 00:00:11.245: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to administratively down *Mar 1 00:00:12.275: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted --Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.2(11)T9, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) TAC Support:
[url]http://www.cisco.com/tac[/url]
Copyright (c) 1986-2003 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 23-Jun-03 15:42 by cmong *Mar 1 00:00:12.279: %SNMP-5-COLDSTART: SNMP agent on host NE16 is undergoing a cold start
Router>
采用这种方法时,由于使用console口来传送,速率为9600bps,需要时间较长。因此可修改console口速率利用xmodem命令实现快速升级
IOS 。具体方法如下:
QUOTE:
rommon 1 > confreg 回车 Configuration Summary enabled are: load rom after netboot fails console baud: 9600 boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands or default to: cisco2-C2600 do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes) enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "use net in IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes) enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400 4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7 (选择 7,用最大的11520 速率的xmodem传输) change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) Configuration Summary enabled are: load rom after netboot fails console baud: 115200 boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands or default to: cisco2-C2600 do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect rommon 2 > reset 回车 注意:在按reset键前,需要修改串口速度(我的电脑---端口属性----串口速度调为115200),然后再修改超级终端里设置速率为115200,记住,一定要这么做,否则会出现乱码! 然后关闭这个超级终端,重新建立一个超级终端连接,重新启动系统后,出现
QUOTE:
rommon 1> 提示符 然后,输入
QUOTE:
rommon 1> xmodem -r Do not start the sending program yet... Invoke this application only for disaster recovery. Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes) Ready to receive file ...
此时,在超级终端的菜单上的“传送”---“发送文件”----选择
IOS 映像文件所在地以及选择使用“xmodem”协议,点击“发送”即可。等待10-20分钟左右就可升级完3-6M的
IOS 文件!待升级完成后,请记住修改回计算机串口与超级终端、路由器confreg下的xmodem等传输速率为9600bps。
方法如下:
QUOTE:
Router>en 进入新IOS 的特权模式 Router#reload 重启系统 Proceed with reload? [confirm] 回车 00:01:04: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc. TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x680127b0 C2600 platform with 24576 Kbytes of main memory PC = 0xfff0a530, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80004684 monitor: command "boot" aborted due to user interrupt 30秒内按ctrl+break键 rommon 1 > confreg ( 输入“confreg”命令) Configuration Summary enabled are: load rom after netboot fails console baud: 115200 boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands or default to: cisco2-C2600 do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes) enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "use nn IP bcast address"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) disable "load rom after netboot fails"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "use all zero broadcast"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "break/abort has effect"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y (选择 yes) enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400 4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [7]: 0 (选择 0,改回用标准速率速率9600的xmodem传输) change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]: n (选择 no) Configuration Summary enabled are: load rom after netboot fails console baud: 9600 boot: p_w_picpath specified by the boot system commands or default to: cisco2-C2600 do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: n You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect rommon 2 > 此时手工改回计算机串口与超级终端2者传输速率为9600 然后敲入QUOTE: rommon 2 >reset 最好关掉电源后,重新启动。利用xmodem命令实现路由器IOS 升级速度较慢,往往等上很长时间,为了快速升级,可以采用下列方法。
二)通过tftpdnld命令升级IOS ,具体步骤如下: 1、用Cisco原配的线缆连接路由器的console口与PC机的COM1,使用PC机的超级终端软件访问路由器;用一根双绞线连接路由器的eth0/0口与PC机的网卡。 2、将路由器的eth0/0口IP地址设为10.32.10.32;PC机的IP地址设为10.32.10.1。将要升级的IOS 映象文件拷贝到相关的目录中,并运行TFTP服务器软件,通过菜单设置Root目录为拷贝IOS 映象文件所在目录。 3、通过set 命令查看配置参数QUOTE: rommon 2 > set PS1=rommon ! > BOOT= BSI=0 RET_2_RTS= ?=0 4、在 rommon 状态下输入:(注意大小写)QUOTE: rommon 3 >IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1 (路由器的ip地址) rommon 4 >IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 (路由器的掩码) rommon 5 >DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32 (缺省网关,是pc机的ip地址) rommon 6 >TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32 (是pc机的ip地址) rommon 7 >TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN (上传ios 文件的名称) rommon 8>sync (保存参数配置) rommon 9 >set (查看) rommon 10 > set PS1=rommon ! > BOOT= IP_ADDRESS=10.32.10.1 IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.32.10.32 TFTP_SERVER=10.32.10.32 TFTP_FILE=C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN BSI=0 RET_2_RTS= ?=0 rommon 11 >tftpdnld 执行tftpdnld命令进行ios 升级,有时可能会报错或命令不执行,这时只要用sync命令保存配置后,重新启动路由器(最好关掉电源再开机)后,再执行tftpdnld命令就可以了。QUOTE: rommon 11 >tftpdnld(传送文件)出现提示选择y IP_ADDRESS: 10.32.10.1 IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0 DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 10.32.10.32 TFTP_SERVER: 10.32.10.32 TFTP_FILE: C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN Invoke this command for disaster recovery only. WARNING: all existing data in all partitions on flash will be lost! Do you wish to continue? y/n: [n]: y Receiving C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN from 10.32.10.32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! … !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! File reception completed. Copying file C2600-I-MZ.122-11.BIN to flash. Erasing flash at 0x607c0000 program flash location 0x605b0000 rommon 13 > 在rommon 13 >提示符下键入reset,或重新启动路由器(power-cycle),进入正常引导状态,即: Router>
笔者在Cisco2500、2600、7200等系列路由器上均实际操作过,以上为在Cisco2610路由器上实际操作捕获或截屏,所配地址只是特例,大家可根据实际需要予以修改。最后建议:大家在作正常路由器系统升级时,为防止不正确操作等引起的升级失败,请先把路由器原有的系统备份下来。
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/bblxlit/24979